Page 1
:&(*&2&'&:&5&&&&(&'5&+&;,&&&-&&.,&&&/&&&'&%&&5&&&$&&&-&%&&5&&&$&&&-&&&&'&,:&&9&2&?&+&;&*&C+&;*9&5&&
78Ydf7D
R79;7D787R7G777&7978G7<7U=77
77&7978G7<7U=7DQ777#7
78=7?7>7
>7577A7$77>7777&7978G7<7U=7D<7U0D77?=77=7
!7>77?=77C577G7!7!74$7$77>7
!7>77?=7!77@>757A7EG7 7D7D
>7778?=R778G77857=77C
=R77QR77<7U7R77>7?>757>R77
577G7!7!74$7$77>777787=R77=77CF77$77"77
577G7!7!74$77>7>757A7EG7 7D7D
577G7!7!74$7$77>7Q77C=7W77C
579"R778!7_7G777787$77,7
$77;7C78;<7U577G7!7!74$7$77>7778!7/77:7
>774><7U78=7<7U577G7!7!74$7$77>7778!7/77:7
577G7!7!74$7$77>77=77CF7La7C<7U7DG7
577G7!7!74$7$77>77=77CF7>74$77D&7G77^=77C
>77;74$7
>74@/7g74#7
&'=E2Objectives)•/77;=77=77CF7>7577A7$77>77=77CF778!778!7&7$77,74QR7778!7<7U7>77Q7D7G!7D77<7U;7D•J775J7D><7EUF7QR77*D78=7?778>7<7U78!7<7U7>77J7YF7A777EG7 7DR77>77h7C•/77;=77CR7>7577A7$77>757&R7D7G79>7;778!778!7&77^=77CJ7YF7A777EG7 7DR77>77h7Cmunotes.in
Page 2
:&(*&2&'&:&5&&&&(&'5&+&;,&&European Modernity)>7577A7$77>7774G77C577G7!7!74$7$77>777D7777&7978G7<7U=7DJ7YF7*<7U78!77R75?7EG7778&7<7U!R7!7?7;5?7EG7FF7D"7<7DUF7777?D>7577A7$77>775?7EG77G7D<7U@77778@57>7577A77Q777/R77>7<7DUF77A77=77D=7;7C?7C>7577A7$77>7774G7777&7978G7<7U=7DJ7YF7QR777/R77>77=7778&7<7U;>77>7R77Q7D<7U7;778<74U!77=R77Q7D @9778;7757 >!7=7 78!77R7 7/R77>7R77=7EG7 >79O '77FR77!7Q7 77?D ]7.UQ7 ;7AR7P7U74=77C 77HZ77D78:7<7U7C<7U;7=R77@7)QR7777b7/7E577C!7OG7>7577A7$77>778!7<7U78>7=7'77F7D77:7>dD<7U7D5=7R774QR7757=77G79>77;>7577A7$77>7?7$7J@7Q77!777;?7>7757778A7<7U 7dG7DQ7D78G7R757>757A7EG7 7DR77>77h7C7778778!7<7U78>7=7<7U;R77>77e7C[7:7=777?D78=7#7D@9>7;7C<7U0D577G7!7!74$7$77>778A777>77QR7777b7/7E577C!7; &757>757A7EG7 7D+G7>#77787=7<7DUF7D:7DF7D>74><7U=77C777875777>77Q77C=<7U74=77CR77J77J7=77/R77>7R77=777F77C G74=7;QR77 <7U7,7=7 577G7!7!74$7$77>7 7/R77>77=7 577Dhf77 >7579?7Q77 7/R77>7 <7U;R77>77h7CR77Q7J7;7DJ7;L$R7577G7!7!74$7$77>7 L$R7F77D<7U7/R77>7=R77@7C>77;"R77G7!77CG77^=77C=R77Q7J7;7DJ7;577G7!7!74$7 $77>77=77D7 <7U7R7 7^=77CQ77 7/R77>7 ?7 77;47778;<7U >74>#77457&77CF778G7;7C777 77>7EG77U7;Q778!7<7U78>7=7'77F7D77?D
&&&(&'5&+&;,&29&&&&Meaning of Modernity):77&7978G7<7U=777G7D<7U!7H78$7aR774>7?478cR7:77DQ7;5?7EG77778?F77CA77+$7<7U=7D?DJ77H78^<7U[7!7W77)Q7D*<7U78!778$7a!7H78$7iD77?D AR77=7[7>#77787=7>775778A7<7U!R7!7>#7D=77CF7577G7@4074QR77[7!7W77CQ77:74/77C;[778=778J7478J7=7<7U;R77QR777^=77CQ77>7577!7D$777?D;7D:77Q77C$77;7C78;<7U<7U7;7D$77D&77D >77!7787<7U577G7!77C?<7X<7U74!7;77787>774><7U78=7<7U78!778$7a=7D!7;78!7b77>7hD!77D77787>!7=7F77>!7=74777D<7UJ7EF7<7U;7D@D"77CF7 77?D >7579@7R77QR77 <7U57=7;=7DJ7YF7 $77D<7U !R7<7X=7 <7U;7D ?D >7!7 77&7978G7<7U=7DQ77C 78>#7=77C>74>#77=57<7U>74;Q7G774QR77>74Q77Q77>74@/7@D=7D AR77>77DJ7=7F77D<7U78[7R778G7!7079<7U7 <7U7R7Z77_7;D;7AR7 &75778G7;7D7 G77D<7U;$77?7C >!7=747 GR77R7!R7!7>#77 77787 579<7X=7 [7D>7 >77!7A778G7<7U 78$777 /7740!7F7$77?7C77787*<7U78!7!77?78!7!77?=R77@7CQ77>7577!7D$777?D
,&,&&1History):
!R77$7=7<7U7QR77>79577;777>7EG7R79;7D757&R7D77&7978G7<7U>7577A7@R77>7R7D+F77:7F7D =7#77787 77&7978G7<7U=7DQ77C>7a>#777G77[7J77D&7G7<7U7F77!7&77CG74=7;5?dF7DA77+$7<7U=7DR7757&R7D77G77Q7D<7U7;7 78!777G7 [7:7=77C R774Q7D <7U7, 5?7EG7 !77G7 <7DUF7D :7DF7D 778T757D<7U0D 77&7978G7<7U=77 R7DR777E!773 =7D#7DG7!778G77857=77C ?7D=77C =R77G74=7; 77G7[77=77C ?7D=7D R77 @7DG?7C Q7,!7,7C >7757778A7<7U GR77>7 7778778!7<7U7>77QR77F7K7>77h7C77&7778;=777?D=7&77857<7U[7#77 >757S7d77787>7;4A7757$77?7CF7778@F7D:7DF7DF7D57?W!7 <7U577C '77F7D ?7D=7D 77&7978G7<7U7C<7U;7 $7?;7C<7U;7 77787 77HZ77D78:7<7U7C<7U;77QR77 [778P7UR7D$77C>74J7478&7=777?DR77[778P7UR7D=7EG777&7978G7<7U=7DG7D78!7<7U78>7=7?7DR77>77h7C@7DG7$7=7<7DU 7D=7F77C&&&4&&1?&)&,&&1,&&&-&&(Check Your Progress)
R79;7D757&77CF777&7978G7<7U=7D>7<7U7;77C/7E=7h;F7DFR77<7U7?7C*D78=7?778>7<7UJ77J77)Q77CR77@7C<7U;7munotes.in
Page 3
&&&(&'5&+&;,&29:&&&&&&'&&:&&19&9&&+&;*&!R77$7=7<7U7QR77W7;7&77=7778T757D<7U07CF777&7978G7<7U=7DQ777#75?7A7DG7!77CG778!7Q77;74Q7DG7!77CG7>!7O7 F7D"7G7 77787 78!7Q77;74Q7D 778/7G7!7 577:7 Q77H<7U$77CQ7D G7!77CG7 7D7 *D78=7?778>7<7ULaR7779O7[7&77G7!7<7U7U7D>757&R7D5778?F774Q7D77D=77D G7!77CG7<7UF77[7<7U7;74Q77Z7@7A77'77778757E<7U787UF5777787G7!77CG7=77@G7D77787=74777G77Q7778!7<7U7>7=R77@7C>74J7478&7=777?DR77[778P7UR7DQR77=7<7U>74:7=7=7D579,D<7U757:77;78!7/77:777C=77C!7S?7DR77>77;"R77R77DA7G77\!7FR77AR77579,D<7U7R7757=77>79&77;F77C 77787 7&7<79U$7F7 !R7<7X=77CG77 <7U7577Q77C >74&77C 7F7J&7 '77F77C 7U7D0QR77 57GR797DU<7XQ778;4:778>7>d57G7D77&7978G7<7U7#7!R7!7>#7D!7;577Dhf77[757777=7[7/77!7770F77=R77Q7[75777DdDF77Cg777U777877U7Dd7Dg777U7CQR77 77:757G77>77;"R77 =774787<7U G7!7<7UF7G774G77C @D"77CF7 >747E7 !R7!7>#7D=7 ;7?77%R77!77=77!7;777787;7DA7QR77A7:7R77QR777^=77CJ7YF777K,EG7R7D+F77:7F7D<7U7?7C78!7_7G77>7D5?77F7D<7U7C
!R77$7=7<7U7QR77@;5R77G7e77QR77[7D>7QR7778[74:7[7D>7QR77579c77>74@/77=777787577&R77857<7U!7:77=778!7>=7778;=7>777;=7777777%R77e777CF757778?=77CQR77!R777<7U778/7>77;77G79>77;77&7978G7<7U=77$77D&77D 77&7978G7<7U=77 R77>74J7478&7=7 77?D 77&7978G7<7U=77 78? 7G7D<7U7D77QR77 [778P7UR774$77C @D"77CF7>74J7478&7=7 77?D 77HZ77D78:7<7U7C<7U;7 $7?;7C<7U;7 78!7<7U7>7 F77D<7U$77?7C /7740!7F7$77?7C $7<7X=77CQ7D`7Di=!7579<7X=7J77A77;7De7778777$77!77@R77>7;"7D[778P7UR7D$77C>74J7478&7=778?>7757778A7<7U778;!7=77Q77C>74<7UF7G775?7EG777&7978G7<7U7C<7U;7>757A7EG7 7D=77R7D=7DR77[778P7UR7D=778!777G7 =74777G7 >7577A777787;7A7<7U7;77=77CF7577G777787R797B<7X=7!77@7Q77$77D&7R774Q77>7577!7D$7?7D=77D
-&%&&0&&&-&&&&&(&'5&+&;,&2+&;!2 &&.,&&,&Sociologists view onmodernity):577<7X>70<7U78?57 !7DJ7;R774G77C77&7978G7<7U=7DQ77778;77577778?F777;4=79R77>7!77G77C=7D!7D:7,R77[7<7U7;QR77>!7O77=7 7778?F7D 577<7X>7QR77 57=7D 77&7978G7<7U=77 ?7C=77@G7 >74J74&774QR77 J77J7=77C=777HZ77D78:7<7U7C<7U;77Q77C [778P7UR77 ?7D=77C 09;78"757QR77 57=7D 77&7978G7<7U=7D579,D >7577A77=7 7U;<7U 78G75777?7D=77DR7778/7-7=7D579,DR774787<7U>7577A77F77>7.78cR7>7577A77=7O774=778;=7?7DR77>757@=7?7DF7@9>7%R77$7J@7=7577<7X>757=7D77&7978G7<7U=775?7A7D!7>=7E4Q7DJ77A77;7C<7U;7?7DR7!7DJ7;QR7757=7D77&7978G7<7U=77?7C=7<7U>74:7=7=7=77?7D=77C7778705778?57=7D78>757DF757=7D77&7978G7<7U=7778?78/7-7=77777>=7;7C<7U;7?7D=7D78?$7?;A77C!7G7777877H$77Q77C7#7!R7!7>#775?7EG777D,"7F77CA77=7DAR77579,D577G7!77C!7=7G77=7J7@F7 70F7777A777&7978G7<7U=77?7C*<7UA77:778=7<7U 7dG77J7G7F77C77?D78<7UA77CA7:77=77CF7<7U7?7C/77:778!7<7U78>7=7<7DUF7D77?D=7=7;=7;7457&R7D>7577G7=7778!7<7U78>7=7?7D=77>7FR77Q7D78@>7EG7R7D=7D
&-&&.,&&1%&&5&&&$&&&-&(Colomial Anthropology)
&-&&.,&&&/-&%&0&35&&2&2understanding Colomization):77<7X>77U7D0780<7X$7G7;7C57&R7D!7>77?=7!77@7CQ77C!R77"R77777FR77>!7=7QR77G7>7F7DFR77/77:77!7;78<74U!77@D$77Q77=77J77 7D7D "77>7<7UOG7=77<7U@7CQ77!777;<7U;7D77787777FR77Q7@D$77=77CF7F77D<7U74G7778=7#7D;7?7F7777h!77D?7C<7U7R7I5?7EG7778;/77787=7<7DUF77C:7DF77C77?D!7>77?=7!77@7>7D5?dF7DA77+$7<7U=7DA7D#7D78!778$7a!74$77457&77CF7F77D<7U=7;@D$774<7U0DA77+F77:7F7D=R77G74=7;=R774G77C=7;>74><7U=77C!7;!7Q7>!7 >74J7478&7=7 >!7O77=7 ;7AR7 <7U;R77>7 >79;!77=7 <7DUF77C =R774G77C 577G7!77C >74>77&7G774Q77 @D"77CF7:7H;!777; <7DUF77 ?D
!R77 $7=7<7U7QR77 77>777>7 >79O '77F7D AR77R77D:7D R79;7D7 78J7SdG7 77D=79:77CA7F77D<7U74G77C7778$7R77777877778]7U<7UG7@D$77=77CF757E,;78?!77>77C78G7R74787=7<7U;R77>7>79;!77=7<7DUF77Cmunotes.in
Page 4
-&&&'.,:&&'5&&'%&,&&1(Literature Produced):!7>77?=77C!77Z774G77CAR77@D$77457&R7D!7>77?=7<7DUF77C=R77@D$77457&R7D=R774Q77;>7?7D=77!7>77?=7<7U=R77MG77C>744$77D&7G77>7 577DG77Dg777U78F778?R77>77h7C/77774=7;<7U7R77>77h7C777877:7@7C79;><7U=778!7_7G774G77577Dhf77[757777=7[77D=>7778?=7<7DUF7D>#7778G7<7U;7C78=778;!77A7 7;47;777787OK7C=R77@7C>757A7EG7 7DR77>77h7C?D<7DUF7D:7DF7DA7D7D<7UOG7=R774G77C!7>77?=77C5?7EG7J7G7!7F7DFR77@D$77=7;7AR7<7U;R77>7=R774G7757@=7?7DF7@9>7;D5?7A7D *"77Z77Q77>!7=7Q77/7E=7<7U7F77=77CF77;47;7>757A7EG7 7DR77>77h7C >7/R7=7777&79G7<7UA7:77QR77>757>R774G77W7;@D=7D:77D;D!7>77?=77)Q777/R77>7<7U;=77=7?7C77!7077A7?7C<7U7R75777?D77A7?7C7G7D<7U78!7_7G774G77C/77;=77Q777/R77>7Q777F7EQ7hD!7F7777?D77787@D$77J77?D;7CF7<7U7?7C78!7/77:77Z777?7C/77;=7778!77R77C>7778?=R77Q7D>7778?=R7=7R77;<7U;=77=7@7?7C0F7J7:757&R7D@78777778$7R777/R77>7
,:&&9:&&+&;&:&&-&.-&%&-:&&(Problems with their work):77T77=R7A7:77J7YF77778T7577=R77/R77>77=77CF7*<7U>74$77D&7<7U0JFR79*Q7!?7d?7*<7U7g7:7R77<7U7R75?7A7D>d17Cd<7U7G7;>77D>77R7d7CA7:77QR7778!7!&7/77:77=77CF7F77D<7U74J7YF77G7D<7U!7>77?=77CQR7778F7"7777=7 =R77QR77 <7U7577=7 R79;7D >7Dd78;'757Q7D <7U7?7C [7<7U7; 77?D=7 >74$77D&7G7 77787 >74$77D&7<7UR774QR77=77CF7G7A77C<7UG7D?577CQ7<7U7577=778@>7EG7R7D=7D*<7U[7<7U7;D=7D=7;7/R77>7<7U;=7?7D=7D=7#77787<7U7,7G79>77; :77Da7C 77787 /7777 @D"77CF7 J7@F7F77C 77?D @7 577G7!7!74$778!777G77QR77 A7G7<7U7QR77A79GR77g74#77457&R7DJ77CdDF7;R774G77C7778@57>74><7U=77CG77!77QR77777FR7779>=7<7U7=77778@57?7$7J@!777;F7777?D 7777=77R77$7J@7Q77CA77:77>!7@D$77CR75?7EG7'77F77C77?D?DG77<7U7;=77R7D=7G77?7C 7;4=79 778?FR774@7 $7D=77=FR77 7G79/7!77=7EG7 78<74U!77 7757 Q7D7; 577G7!7!74$7$77>77 5?7EG7?7C 577Dhf77[757777=778!7_W777E7<7U757=7R77;<7U;R77=7!7>77?=7<7U=R77MG77CR77D:7@7G778@F7D77?D?DG77<7U7;=77R7D=7G77?7C!7>77?=77C577G7!7!74$7$77>77Q77[7/77!77Z777=R7777T77=R778>7^74=774QR77[757777=778@>7EG7R7D=77DA77D7777R7778!77R77Q777/R77>7<7U;=77G777A7EG7?7C!777;=77>7=77DF79>75?7=77=7<7U7C 577G7!7!744$7$77>7R79;7D7QR77!7>77?=77CQR7778!7>=77;7=7EG7\!7F7D!7>77?=7!77@7G7D7E!773577G7!7!74$7$77>7777787G77G7!7D>dG7DR774QR77=77CF7>74J74&77Q77C;Q77G77<7DUF77C7U7CF0!7<7U>7G7D[7J7,:7d 5?7EG7 78!7$7D7778&7<7U7; 5?7EG7 =R774Q77 7/R77>7 <7DUF77 R77Q77 78$7>=77C=77CF7 7^=7$77C; 77787!7HQ7778;<7U>7E77!7;"77DF7778;7757'77F77@7?;77#7!7>=7978G7eJ77?D;7CF7R77/7E7857<7DU579,D78!77R77=77CF7!R77!7>7778R7<7U $77D77 ?7D=7D AR77F77 !7>77?=7!77@7Q7D $7H7787<7U [7<7Ud7C<7U;7 5?7EG7 7778?F7D A77+$7<7U=7D5?7EG7 !7>77?=77CG77C=7R77;<7DUF7DFR77>7778?=R77=77CF77E!77g7?74Q77C>7"77DF7=777>777C77!7$R7<7U77?D*"77Z77577:77G7D577G7!7!74$7$77>777787!7>77?=77C:7=7!77_D77F7778?4>77Q77;7Q7DR79:75?7EG77778?F7DA77+$7<7U=7DR77>74@/77=7 *<7U>74/77!R77R77R75?7EG722579,577G7!7!74$7$77>7Q7D7U7R7@D=777>7F7DA77=77=7>#7778G7<7U74G77[77D=>7778?=7<7DUF7D7778?A7D=R77Q7J7;7DJ7;Q7>74$77D&7G7<7U;R77>77h7C[778$77778@F7D7778?A7DF79>7
&&&4&&1?&)&,&&1,&&&-&&(Check Your Progress)
77&7978G7<7U=7DJ7YF7>7577A7$77>7774QR77L$R77!7;*<7U78d777C78F7?7munotes.in
Page 5
<7U7?7C77D,7)57&R7DQ7Q77<7U;7!7>77?=77)G77C=7R77;<7DUF7DFR77<7U7577=7<7U7R7>757>R7777FR77
%&&5&&&$&&&-&&&&'&,:&&,&&14&&&&&&(Anthropology and itssub disciplines)577G7!77457&R7D G7D?577C =>79<7U=77 7>7=7D =R77=>79<7U=7D579,D [7:7=77C !7 $77D&7 7DR77=7 77F77 77?D577G7!774G7777787=R77QR7778G77857=77C>7>757A7R77>77h7CJ7%R77Q7$77$77>7D@R77>777FR7777?D=7@7>7W77 ;7A7<7U7;77Q77 7/R77>7 <7U;77;D ;7A7<7U7CR7 78!777G7 /7E=7<7U7,7=77CF77/R77>77Q77 78=7?7>77#7!R7!7>#77A77C577:777C 79;!7h7J77A77;=R77@7C!7;F77<7.U78c=7<7U;=7D7;4=79R77>7!778!77R7757&R7D577G7!77$77C>74J7478&7=778!778$7a7D77Q777/R77>7<7DUF77A77=77D@9>7;7C<7U0D577G7!7!74$7$77>757G79R77QR77=7=77C77>7EG7=R77QR77>!7N77QR77>!7O777R7M=77/R77>7<7U;=7D@9>7%R77$7J@7=7 =7D57G79R77QR77>747E7A77C!7!7G77Q77>7&757757&R7D7/R77>7<7U;=7DR77579,D?D577G7!7!74$7$77>7=778!77R7747D777E777D78/7-777?D
%&&5&&&$&&-&-&%&0&35&&2&2(Understanding Anthropology):577G7!7!74$7$77>7?D57G79R77QR77>!7O77Q7D7^=7$77C;/R77>7 78!777G777?D?7$7J@g77C<7UQR77@7DG7$7J@74!7OG777F7777?D577G7!7!74$75?7A7D577G7!777787F77D:77DAR77Q777#77>77?7D=77D =7<7U777877/R77>7 577G7!7!74$7$77>7 J7?9&77 7778@57 >7577A77Q77 7/R77>7 <7U;=7D R7757&R7D 7778@!77>77C7/R77>7777>7EG7/7777 F77D<7U>7778?=R7747R7M=7577G7!7!74$7$77>778!77R7 >7757778A7<7U!7=7G77778757G79R77Q77C$77;7C78;<7U>74;Q7G77577G7!7!74$7$77>77577G7!77C78!7<7U7>777787!7=7G77Q77C>747E7`7D77C=777>7=77=7AR77=7A7H78!7<7U78/7-7=77 /77H:77D78F7<7U78!7=7;7 =P7U74=77C78=7?7>7 >774><7U78=7<7U78=7?7>777787>7757778A7<7U>74J74&777?D=75?7EG7Q7R77F77577G7!7=7DQ7D78!777G75?dF7DA77+$7<7U=7D
%&&5&&&$&&&-&9&&1,&<&&1(Origin of Anthropology):577G7!7!74$77$77>7=7W77CR777/R77>7<7U;=777>7D77K,EG777F7D78<7Ug77C<7U77787;7D57G7R774G77C577G7!7!74$7$77>777R77 77=7F777>7D5?7=77=7=R774G77C78G778=7$77>7>77(@R7$77>7R77>77;"R777GR778!77R774Q7778!7<7U7>7<7DUF7777?D=7<7U$77>778=7?7>7577G7!7!74$7$77>77Q77:757R79;7D77778757&R77E!7QR77>7/R7=7DQ77C!77K7C$77C>74J7478&7=77>7FR77D7778?F7DA77+$7<7U=7D577G7!7!74$7$77>77Q7D>7!77=7778?F7D78!7&77G7'7DG77D7DUG7D>7>77E77Q7!R77$7=7<7U7=7<7DUF7D?7D=7D=7D*<7Ug77C<7U=7=!7!7D=77?7D=77AR774Q777>7778!7b77>777?D<7U7C#77d6>7778>7d7C57G79R77G7D>!7=7=7R77;<7DUF77C77?D 577G7!7!74$7$77>77=7 R77D:7@7G7 @D77;7C 777"77C *<7U 57?W!77Q77C !R7<7X=77C ?D;7D0Dd>7 777FR77[7!77>77@;5R77G7=R774G77C/7Dd78@F7DFR77=7D!?7=R774G77C777FR77[7!77>7F7D"7G77=7 7;7QR77A77C!7G7$7HF77CQ7DD!77G7<7DUF7D /77H78=7<7U!7H78$7aR7D77787/777DJ7YF7=R774G77CQ7Q77<7DUF77Cmunotes.in
Page 6
A7:77=77CF778!778!7&7 /77:774=77CF7 F77D<7U74J7YF7 78F778?F7DFR77 F77D<7U74Q7D =77CG7 :7d A7D#7D !R7777;7C 7857$7G7;7C77?D=7 [7!77>77C =R774G77C =7; >74><7U=77C=77CF7 7U;<7U G77.@!7F7D 77?D=7 A7D [7!77>7 G77.@7C @D"77CF7577G7!7!74$7$77>7774>77h7C57?W!77Q7D@>=7*D!7A777?D=77>7D78F7"7777>7F7D=7;7C577G7!7!74$77=57<7U<7U7R75?7EG77E777D7/R77>7F7DA77+$7<7U=7G77?7C 7;4=79<7U7?7C[757777=7=7D!777;F7D:7DF7D77?DR77<7U7,7=7[7J77D&7G7 ]7DU4Q7;7AR7P7U74=77C [7:7=77CQ77C<7UF7G7777787G7H>778:7<7U78!777G77Q7778!7<7U7>7R77>77;"R777G7D<7U7;47;7R77577G7!7!74$7$77>77QR777/R77>7$77"7DQR7778!7<7U7>77Q77C77b7/7E577C?7D=77C@9>7%R77$7J@74=7
!R77$7=7<7U7=7R79;7D757&R7D!7H7778G7<7U77787=74777G77QR77P7U74=77C>79O'77FR77AR77!R77B<7X=7;D"77<7U0D<7U=7=!77;?7D=7D
%&(:&&'&A&5&&&&'&&&&(Key Scholars and schools):*<7U7D787>777!R77$7=7<7U7QR77=7;7&77=7577G7!7!74$7$77>7*<7U!7D:7,7C78$7>=7J7G7F77C!7>77?=7!77@7C!7=7; @D$774G77 /7Dd @D77%R774G77!7 =7; @D$774=77C >74><7U=77)J7YF7 =>79<7U=77 ?7D=77C =R774G77CA77>774><7U78=7<7UF778h<7U777C/7Dd78@FR77=7D#77CF7=74777G7 /777DQR77 G77=7D>74J74&77=77CF7 &77857<7U[7#774Q77C57778?=77C:77D,7<7U;R77>7>79;!77=7<7DUF77C=R774G77C7G7D<7U78!7_7G7[77R77D78A7=7<7DUF7D[7#75778J7S78d$7577G7!7!74$7$77>77?D0JFR7Ed7F7;
R774G77C577G7!7!74$7$77>77Q77C>#777G77 <7DUF77C =R774G77C 777FR77 79>=7<7U7=7 7778@57 >74><7U=77CQR77 &77857<7U 78!7b77>7 77787 78!778!7&7>7577A77=77CF7>74><7U=77CJ7YF7Q7Q77<7DUF77CAR77=77C*<7U?7D=77C=R774G77C=P7U7478=7!77@7CLd7C<7U7DG77Q7D5?7EG7 77D,"7F7D A77=7 ?7D=7D 577G7!7!74$7$77>77 Q7DF7; 577:7G7 >77;"7D 777"77C *<7U577G7!7!74$7$77>7778!7_7G7?7D=7DAR774G77C>74><7U=77CQR7778!7<7U7>77Q7D>77!7787<7UG7579G7D78!7<7U78>7=7<7DUF7D?D577G7!7!74$7$77>777757Q7D7>74@78/7=779>=7<7DU7778778G7<7U777R7M=777D?7DQ7F7D?7D=7D=7>7DQ7=R774G77C78/7-7 >7577A774QR77 >74><7U=77C>77e7C =79F7G77=57<7U 7^=77CQ77 !777; <7DUF77 =R774G77C #77D0f77!7D,7G7D78>7^74=77QR77 !7DJ7!7; d7C<7U7 <7DUF77C :7DF77C 77787 *<7U 757D78;<7UG7 577G7!7!74$7$77>77 =R77 !R7<7X=77CQR7778G7;7C77 <7U;R77=7 77F7D =7D!?7 =R774G77C 7D7<7U7R7 7^=77CQR77 !777;7!7=773 778&7<7U 57?W!7 @DR77>7>79;!77=7<7DUF77CF77D<7U7/R77>77^=77CG79>77;57778?=77C>74<7U78F7=7<7U;7D77787=R7777&77;D7/R77>777R77D78A7=7<7U;7D78!7>77!R77 $7=7<7U757&R7D78!7<7U78>7=7'77F7DFR77 [7>77;!77@7C 77787 <7U7R7$77CF778!7Q77;7QR7778!7Q77;!74=774G77C78!7<7U7>7!77@7C78>7^74=77!7;d7C<7U7<7DUF77CR77>77h7C778;/77777>77577G77D77!7$R7<7U77?D<7U7C>74><7U=77C!7D:7VR77 >#7F774=7;7=7E *<7U7 >#77G7777>7EG7 @9>7%R7778h<7U777C !7D:7VR77 <7U7R77=57<7U=7D579,D >7577A77=77CF7<7U7R7I 77,R77!7; 778&7<7U F77 <7.U78c=7 <7U;=7D AR77QR77 *D78=7?778>7<7U >!7O777D77 <7U7R7!77@7C577G7!7!74$7$77>7>7757778A7<7U[777F77CQR77>74<7UF7G7D!7;778&7<7U57?W!7@DR77=777F7D&&&4&&1?&)&,&&1,&&&-&&(Check your Progress)
577G7!7!74$7$77>77=77CF7<7U7?7C[7J7,$77,74Q77CR77@7C<7U;7munotes.in
Page 7
577G7!7!74$7$77>7774QR777/R77>77Q7D[7579"77D75?7A7D<7U7R7577G7!7!74$7$77>77=7 @7DG7 78!77R7 77?D=7 778?FR77F77 787U78A7<7UF7 577G7!7!74$77>7 77787 @9>7%R77F77>774><7U78=7<7U577G7!7!74$7$77>75?7=77=7%&&5&&&$&&&-&&9&2&)&+&;*&Classification of Anthropology)$77;7C78;<7U577G7!7!74$7$77>7>774><7U78=7<7U577G7!7!74$7$77>7577G7!77C77G79!7478$7<7U$77>7[77:7H78=7?778>7<7U!779;7=7W!7PalaeontologyF77D<7U7;47;7577G7!7!74$7$77>7A77=77C!74$7$77>7577G7!7!74$7$77>77R77D78A7=7577G7!7!74$7$77>7J77R77D57Dd17C74=7:7=7$77>77CR77D7
&&*&1&'*+&; %&&5&&&$&&&-& &&'& &&)&Physical anthropologysubdivisions):
%&&5&&&1&&5&(&$&'&+&;&1&&-&(Human Genetics)?D57G79R77QR77=7W77CQ77C=7W77C577G7!77C 77G79!7478$7<7U=77 7/R77>7 <7U;=7D ?D 77G79!7478$7<7U=7D_7;D *<7U7 787K7C<7U0EG7 @9>7%R77 787K7C57&R7D[7>7778;=7?7D77%R77$77;7C78;<7U!7H78$7aR774<7U0DF77@D=7D?DR77$77"7D57&R7D!7D:7!7D:7VR77dR77=77CF7A79GR77577G7!77C>774:770f774Q777/R77>7<7U;=7DR7757&R7D7#!77CQR77=P7U74=77CQR7778=7?7>77<7U0D@D78"7F777?=7D@7?DA77C!77$57577G7!774Q777/R77>7<7U;=7D%&&5&&&$&&&-&(Ethnology)R77$77"7D=7577G7!7A77=77CQR77A77=77C!7>74><7U=77)Q77$77D&7 7D=7D77787=R77Q77C=79F7G77*<7U7>7577A77=7EG7@9>7%R77>7577A77=7<7U;=7D?D577G7!77C$7R7=77CQ7D!7:773<7U;7<7U;=7D 77787 =R774QR77 $77;7C78;<7U !7H78$7aR774Q77 7/R77>7 <7U;=7D 577G7!7!74$7$77>7 577G7!7!74$7$77>7 J77R77D57D78d1<7X>7R77!7;77&7778;=777?DA7D@7DG?7CA77=77CR7!7H78$7aR7D7/R77>7=77=7%&&5&&&$&&&-&(Anthropometry):R77$77"7D57&R7D577G7!774Q7D78G778;77=7>7DQ777R7<7U;=7D?D78A7!74=757G79R77QR77/77H78=7<7U>74;Q7G77=7>7DQ7577G7!77CA77C!77$5774<7U0D77?=7D@7G77<7U7Q77CF774J77C <7DU>774Q77CO@7C=!7Q7DQ77C;Q7G77 07D,D <7DU>7
7&&:&&2%&2C"&1(Biometry):R77$77"7D=7;7D:7 A7G57 !77K57=R7E>77;"R77577G7!77QR77A7H78!7<7U7HF7EQ77>7747B"R7<7U7CR77/R77>75?7A7DJ77R77D57Dd17C77D,"7F7DA77=7Dmunotes.in
Page 8
@9>7%R77$7J@7=7AR77=7577G7!7!74$7$77>77/R77>7<7DUF77A77=77D=7>77/7E=7<7U7,7778777A7QR77@7DG?7C<7U7,7=77CF7577G7!77QR77$77;7C78;<7U!7H78$7aR774<7U0D77?=77DJ775J7D><7EUF7777U>7577A7$77>77=757&R7D>774><7U78=7<7U577G7!7!74$7$77>7778&7<7U7/R77>7<7DUF77A77=77DA7;777777H7&77H7Q77;78$7<7U=77>77F7=7;?7$77;7C78;<7U577G7!7!74$7$77>778!77R77/R77>7F77A77=77D7G7D<7U78!7Z7777Ch7457&R7D577G7!7!74$7$77>778!7/77:7>!7=74777?D7;4=795794J778!7Z7777Ch7=7=7D*<7U787=777?D=7=7; 77=777777>774><7U78=7<7U577G7!7!74$7$77>7778!7/77:777?E
-&&$-+&;&',&+&; %&&&&$&&&-& &&'& &&)&Cultural Anthropologysubdivisions):
?&&)&6&',&.&&'-&+&;&&(*&,&<&(Perhistory and Archacology)[77:7H78=7?778>7<7U7/R77>7 5?7A7D 577G7!774Q77 7/R77>7 ?7DR7577G7!77Q77 78=7?7>7 7E!773QR77 F7D"77C G77.@7CQ77 <7U7,778>=7=!77=777?D79;7=7W!7$77>779G7;Q7G77!7;F77<7.U78c=7<7U;=7D R7757&R7D[77579"R77G7D/77H78=7<7U7!7$7D774_7;D577G7!77C!7=7G777787>774><7U78=7<7U7^=77CQ7D!77<7U;=7D4&&2+&;&*$&*&Folklore):F77D<7U>7778?=R7F77D<7U7457&R7D577H78"7<7U!77G7<7DUF7DFR777;47;D!7;F77<7.U78c=7<7U;=7D=7DG77C78=7>7E7D <7U#77 @4=7<7U#77 >74><7U7;Q77F77C78;=77C78<74U!77=7;<7U7D7=R77?7C[7<7U7;Q77C778/7!R7<7X=77C7>7E$7<7U=77=7?7C78Q7G?D>757A7EG7 7D7D77787;D<7U70<7U;7D7U7;Q7>74><7U=77CQR77!77K7CQ77C!7D,>757A7EG7 7D7D77!7$R7<7U77?D0&&,&&1&$&&&-&(Ethnolinguistics)/77787<7U577G7!7!74$7$77>77/777DQ77>7757778A7<7U77787>774><7U78=7<7U>74@/77=77!7<7U7$77=777787!7D,D=77/R77>7<7U;=77=7
&:&&2&'0&,& %&&5&&&$&&&-&Applied Anthropology):!R77!7?778;<7U >757>R7777D,"7R77>77e7C57EFR774<7UG7<7U;R77>77h7C77787=R774Q7D78G7;7<7U;7<7U;R77>77h7C77G77Q777R77D:7<7U;=7D ?D 7G79[7R77D:7 [7/77!7 R77!7; <7.Uc=7 77?D @7 F77:7E <7DUF7DF7D !7HZ7<7U7CR7 577G7!7!74$7$77>7>7757778A7<7U>774><7U78=7<7U>74@/777787*"77Z77;7D:77Q77778;7757577G7=77D*"77Z77577G7!7!74$7$77>7774G77>#7778G7<7U :7;A77 577:7R77 [77&77GR7P7U57 77787 70Q777C 77D,"7R77>7 G7 78!7Q77;FR77>7 78!7<7U7>778G7&77C!77R77 77F7!7F77A77=77D&$,&)&,&&'&>&& &&&&1:& &2&Interdisciolinary areas):$7?;7C 577G7!7!74$77>7 778#7<7U577G7!7!74$7$77>7 !7HZ7<7U7CR7 577G7!7!74$7$77>7 577G7>7$77>7$77>7 577G7!7!74$7$77>7 &757577G7!7!74$7$77>7;7A7<7U7CR7577G7!7!74$7$77>7 7R77!7;77CR7577G7!7!74$7$77>7=R77@7C7G7D<7U7$77"7778<74U!77774=7;$77>7D77?D=7
%&&5&&&$&&&-&&,&&14&8B&1+&;&25&Perspective in Anthorpology):577G7!7!74$7$77>7 7/R77>7 57&R7D =79F7G77=57<7U 77787 >757R7 La7C<7U7DG7 5?7A7D @7DG7 57?W!77QR77778;77577Q77>7577!7D$7<7DUF77A77=77DR7D#7D=79F7G77=79F7G775?7A7D*<7U7>7577A77Q77C@9>7%R77$77C=79F7G77<7U;7D?7DR7@7GR7ER77<7UQ77C=79F7G775794J7$77C<7DUF77CA77=777?D77787<7U7?7C>77577GR7!7H78$7aR7D78<74U!77@7DG778/7-7=77A7>7D<7U7C@7DG?7C57?7G7:7;74Q77C$7?;D A77>=7F77D<7U>74"R777>7F7DFR77 !7D:77G7DQ77F777;7Cmunotes.in
Page 9
7#7!R7!7>#77 =R77@7C >77;"7D 7U;<7U @$778!7=7 77?D=7 >757R7 L78a<7U7DG7 AR77Q77 7/R77>77 57&R7D>7579Z77QR77>757>R7DQ7778<74U!77>7579@7R77QR77=7=77C77>7EG7R774Q77R77>7&R77QR77O77=77/R77>7F77:7DF7D77?D
%&&5&&&$&&&-&&,&&14&-&$&&2&5&&@,&&1Research Methodology andAnthropology):577G7!7!74$7$77>77QR77<7.Uc>#77G77C7D7<7U7R77^=77CQ77CQ77C7;47;777?D7D7<7U7R75?7A7D>74$77D&7<7UA7D!?7=77D>!7=77/R77>77"77F77CF7>7579@7R77F77/7Dd@D=77D77787G74=7;=R77=77CF77^=77CG77.@!7=77D7778778G7<7U77!7;77D?7D=77D577G7!7!74$7$77>77=7@7DG7>74$77D&7G77^=77C778=7$7R7F77D<7U78[7R777?DA77C5?7A7D >7?/77:77C 78G7;7C777Q77C 77787 577G7!7!74$7$77>7 >7?/77:77C78G7;7C77757&R7D >74$77D&7<7U7/R77>77QR777&77CG77>7F7DFR77 7dG7DQ77*<7U/77:7J7G7=77D=R77G74=7;=R77QR77G77.@7CQ7DF7D"7G7<7U;=77D=7D!?7=R77Q7D<7U7R77E7<7U;=77D@7>74$77D&7<7U?778!778$7a7778@!77>77C:7d7QR77F7:G77=7/77:7 7D=77D77787G74=7;=R77=77CF7<7U57<7U740=R77@7CQ77C78G7;7C77<7UOG7G77D@!7=77DF77D<7U7^=77C7/R77>7757&R7D>!7=7>74$77D&7<7UA7!7,77>7*<7U!77"7D0f77=77778@!77>77C/77:77=7;7?=77D77787G74=7;=77D78@!7>7/7;7Q777/R77>7<7U;=77D=7>7DQ7G74=7;=R7778G7;7C777Q77CG77.@eD!7=77D=R77G74=7;=R77Q7D<7U7R7[7<7U778$7=7<7U;=77D78<74U!77>77@;<7U;=77D
-&&*&$&Summary)7$77[7<7U7;D R77 7&R7R7G77=7 =795?7C R79;7D787R7G7 7778&778G7<7U=77 7778?F77C A77C 7.UQ7 P7U74=77C 78!777G7 [7J79^7C<7U;7<7U7F77!7&77C777U $7Ed ?7D=77C775?7C !7>77?=77C !74$7$77>7$77>77=77CF7 >757>R774<7U0D?7C7778?F7DA7>7D<7U7C7@7G79P7U7857=777787>74$77D&7<7UR77QR77=77CF774=7;>757A7EG7 7D=7777F7DR777&R7R77=7577G7!7!74$7$77>77QR777D77Q77C /77H78=7<7UG778!777G777787>774><7U78=7<7U577G7!7!74$7$77>7R77>77;"R77=R77QR777$77"77G7Q77@D"77CF7*<7U778;Q7R7@DR77=777F7777?DR7757&R7D577G7!7!74$7$77>7R77@7DG7L78a<7U7DG774Q777/R77>7<7DUF775?7A7DQ7=79F7G77=57<7U77787>757R7@7DG?7C>778!7>=7;7/R77>7<7U;R77=777F7777?DR7757&R7D577G7!7!74$7$77>7R77@7DG7L78a<7U7DG774Q777/R77>7<7DUF775?7A7DQ7=79F7G77=57<7U77787 >757R7 @7DG?7C >778!7>=7; 7/R77>7 <7U;R77=7 77F77 =7>7DQ7 577G7!74$7$77>77Q77 7/R77>7<7U;R77>77h7CF77D<7U78[7R777D!777;FR77A7777%R77>74$77D&7G77^=77C5?7A7DQ77D7<7U7R77^=77C>7?/77:77C78G7;7C77D 577G7!7!74$7$77>779K7CF77&R77R77457&R7D7777577G7!7!74$7$77>77$77C>74J7478&7=7!7D:7!7D:7VR777g7:7R778>7^7=774Q777/R77>7<7UO
-&$/ &D&$&References)1.Andrew Wernick (2016). Auguste Comtehttps://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-780199756384 obo9780199756384-0163.xml2.Doshi, S. L. (2003). Modernity, postmodernity and neo-sociological theories. Rawat publications.munotes.in
Page 10
3.Goodin, R., & Bennett, J. (2011-07-07). Modernity and itsCritics.In The Oxford Handbook of Political Science.: OxfordUniversity Press.fromhttps://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199604456-e-006.4.Kottak, C. P. (1997). Anthropology: The exploration of humandiversity. McGraw-Hill.5.Lewis, D. (1973). Anthropology and Colonialism. CurrentAnthropology, 14(5), 581-602.6.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/colonizatio7.Ritzer, G., &Stepnisky, J. (2017). Modern sociological theory.Sagepublications.8.Sharma, R. N., & Sharma, R. K. (1997). Anthropology. AtlanticPublishers, New Delhi.9.https://www.britannica.com/topic/modernity10.https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/anthropology/272896https://www.britannica.com/science/anthropology.munotes.in
Page 11
(!!!2$!!,!'!-4!-*!!-'!#1/!!' !!7!;'!!!!"!!-!!,5!!5!!(!!4!!,!!"!+!!'!'!8!!, !!/!!!6!6!!(!!'!!,1!!*!"!!!*!=&!7%4!/!!
":;`i H : *W:: W : V :: L% : \ m B: % :: R > ::G : # ::; ?V : W: " > : 8 : A: < P K :: A8 : % :\ #:\ : GJ3% : % : \ : ' : " > : 8 : Y:: B : :GW:8 : :K : %: % :7Y : Y :: B::A : % :: D :;% : % :: D B:: ?:7 Y : B: 7D 2: !"9<-2:: ? A ::A : :GP B:8 :: E : Y :: B : :A :: G P : ;% :: ;% : * : Y::/ : 7 V W:: :;% : %:\ : B :: V : H : K% : H : : % :\ ? :HM::8M : H B% :I\ P V W ::-H : ; A: C :: ; B : % : \:;%: % :\ : B : : M : ` P E :: :IK : $ : HW :: B:: : G2 :: ? A :: GW : B : 8 :: E :Y : : B :: A :: G P :;% : :;% : * : # : d A :: ,M : ` P E :: : I K :$: H W : : B : : : G
(!!5!!5!4!!0!7=W:: :*W:: W :: A : :: # : : # : E : H -& :: a :::; % : : W :: V :: B : % : Q : ;i %:\ : HK :: K :H : 2W ::B: % :\ TK : B : 7 #:I : : ; V : : B:8 : E :: % : I K: B :: 7 > :A :H : ;e A :: GW : : ;% : 2 ::> : : ;2 : 0 :B: 8 :: E ::A :: G P B::8 :: KW: :: * :: ? Y::H* :W:: A : A : < P K :: A 8: % :\ # : *D A :: G % :\ Y :: G 8: D A : % :\ ? A : H W :: M : `P V : V :: % :H\ P : G: : CH : ;A: B : ?: : ; % : 2 : : > : #: \: GJ 3%: % :\ :H:: GW : % : \ :8 : #: ? 7# : ? H V :: : ' : ::: ; : A W :: V ::G "A #: ^ :: G W : : M : ` P V :V :: %: \ ? A :: H Y : H% : m V :: 2 :: > : :;B:d : 7 A : :78 :*: I K :" A # : ^ :: G
B : 7B% : \ A : :G
W::: ;% : : W :: G 8 :: K : % : %:7Y : Y :: B::A :: G P Y :: B :: GW :%:: D : ;% : % :: D : % : ? V : V :: % :\ ? A :: H!!"%4!5!munotes.in
Page 12
%: \ :/ : V :: G > : ? E : P ::A : $ :H. K : b :A W: H% : \ : ;% : : W : % :\ : / : M : ? : HM : ? % :: N A :: H 8 :: K : % : % : 7Y : Y :: B : :V W :: M :: M : A :: G A : C :G : Y::> :: Hi : G $ :3JW:: :: C HA : A W::V W:: B' : :# : K : H# :: B : IK : : K : H% :\ B:7% : \ J #: K :: "D W:: B: :: JW:: ::: ; : W :::; % : :W : :V : : - % : \ 2 : :> :M: K: J W: : :: C H A : : Y :: G V : -% : \ B :7%:\ J# : K :: 8C : E : H C : H : ; P + :8: : % : \ % :: B : 8 :p : Q i : G% :\ :HK :C: H W :
$! !
V W : : D Y: % :\ : V W :: B : < S % ::A : :GB :
C : H :;P + : 8 : C : Y : MD D :; :: : ::;b : \ % :\ : G ? : E : % :\ : ? :: G E :: K :: ;Z :: ;[ : W : K : B8 : m 9B : C : ? > m K : -%: _B : -% : _B : : : W :B8 : m9 B: W:: 7 V W:: Y :: G B : 7 M : 7 : ; * : A: C:H A:: W:: Y : MD : V :: % :: # : ?% : \ ? W :: # : I% :: 6 # :I%::6 V W:: 8::K: % : % : 7 Y : Y :: B: :: 7K :: G% :\ : 8#P H% : _B : B : 7# :I:
B:7# : I : $ : m K :: -%:\ : ; : A :Y: MD %::#: ? P H C : H A : HC : H : ; P + :8: W:: Y: MD :V :: G : Y :: G : ;% :: ;Y : i :Y : :G % W:: &W::K:: C : G K :7D : ::: ; : % ::8B:
: B : H8C : A : : A : % : \ : G8:: K : % : % : 7 Y:Y : : B : : D : G $ : % :\ :/ : # :: B : IK : W :: V :: "# : W::H> : % :\ ? :GA : : : C H A : D< B :)W : :Y : MD : 7 A : B : :7> :: W : V : H + :: JW :: B :8: : K: % : % : 7 Y: Y: : B : CH 8: : K: % : : G E : : G % : Y: : B :
! : ;A: C: B : : : : ; : ! A: ?: K : H % :\ : ;% : : W : : 7 V : : - % : \ : ; : A: : 2 W : : B : % : \? A : H C H - % : \ : : ; A : Y : W ::; % : P : : % :L :; Y :i n : : :C H E :H8:: K : % : % : 7 Y:Y : : B :: B : !A : ? : ;% : : W :: 7# :: B : IK : % : H > :/ H % :\ ? A : H % : H \ % :/ -% : \ :: ; %: : W :: %: ? P : %:1\ : ;k A : % :\ ? :: W ::8:: K : % : % : 7 Y:Y : : B ::P : !A : ? : ;% : : W :: 7# :: B : IK :
E : H # : \ % : _ A : -% : \ : 8 :: K : % :: G # : L P I7% :\ 3 H P : D H A : H
% : H > :/ H %:\ ? A :HD :: W : V : H+ ::P HA :?
C : H : ; P + : 8 : C H8 :: K : % : A : HM : ` P B : 8 : p : Q : ;i %:\ : HK : b : D :K: % : \ ? A : H
C H-% :\Q i : KA : D Y::;% : A : H % :: 7 :;Y : % : \ Y :: B :
: H : ? V : K ::
B: C 2 ::> : :G : ;K : ? : G :: W :: B : %::R> :: G : Q i : G% :\ : HK :: Y :: GB: 7M : 7 : ; * : A : # :dA :: G :: C H A : : ;% :: ;Y : i B: 8 :: E : B:8 : E : W:: B :: :G %:\ * :: G% : \ *::G : :# : JW::P : : 2W:: B :: V W ::B: 7D 2::K :: C :G 8 : C ^ %: a :: % : H P : > :A : H E : H : 2W:: B :: B : : ' :# : I :
B:: 7B% :\ : ; A : %:\ ::: ; : %:\ : W::A 8 : %:\ % : \ ? W::B:8: D A : % : \? A : H E : H B : 8 : E : W : : B : : : : ; :A : < P K :: % : \ ? W :: B : 8 : D A : %:\ ? H P C : H : ; P + : 8 : C H % : \ 8 : H? : B :: ? &: :: C HE: : H-%:\ : :7%:\ : A : B :8 : ::;%: i : B: :: ? :G B : 8 :p :8 : 7 3/ : G
B : 7# :I: Y : ? :G?
B: 7# :I: B : 7% :: D W:: 7K :: % : \ #V : ? % : L\ D %: \ ? W :: B : #: ? % :: K :> : :GDH A : : H C H 3 ?
!!!1!,:!$!'!!,'!!!(!!8 :: K : % : % : 7Y :Y:: B :: A : C : H : ; P + :8 : :;% : : W : :GA : < 8 : V W :: B :8 : E : W : :Y::G B :7M:7 : ;* :A : 8 : < `n :: 7V :: G W :: D : G % : \ ? : B :7 # :^ :: G V W : : " > : 8 :M :` P V :V : : % :\ ? :'!#1/!!' !!7!;'!munotes.in
Page 13
A : < P K :: A 8: % :\ # : d A :: G V :: E : K8 : C : - 3%:3 M :: K : H m m : W : P ? W :: 7K :: G
8 :*W: H ? : W :P :' : X :H# :: H P : : ;E : % :\ P!: FKBm m n : Im W::7K :: G B :: D ? %: H \ P H JW:: Y :: H* :: ; K: M :7* :: A : I K : + ::P : : ;C #:dA : 8 :: K : % : % : 7Y : Y :: B : :G W:#: d A :: ,M : ` P VW :: : V :A : K ::A :IK : : ;% : % : \ : ; B: A : % : H\ P :G > : H P : G A W::V :H Y : MD "d A : %:\ ? W:: B :: : G
r> :HJW:: : ;% :\ A W : H% :\%: :: R# :: B : I K : C H B#: i + :: P H ::C H %: \ : G 8 ::K: % : % : 7 Y : Y :: ::V W:: # : d A :: ,K :: M : / % :\ m : ::;: # :dA : Y :: G?%: \ ? W :: V :: G 8 :: H :G > : ? E : : : C H A : ' ::: ;# :
% :\ :H?#: dA : : , V: : G : : H/ & : : ; C : a: : #: # : \ % :_ A:8:: K : % : % : 7 Y:Y : : B :: V W :: ? : :;% : % : \ 2::> :: Y :: G + ::P :G : : C H :E : IK : C :G > :: ; : A :
2 :: L :;A : % :\ Y :: B:
? B: : W : K :Y:: B :
E :: G% : Y :: B : W :: : ;% :: W :: 7 A : > : <7 A : P HJW:: P :H%:\ : 7 K:: , B:7% : \ : H V :: A : I K : M :: C H? # : 3 IK :8:: K : % : % : 7 Y:Y : : B ::A ::GP B : 8 : BW : : % : L ::: ;K: %: \ "# : V: : ? : 7 B : : : G " #: W : < %: _A : : : C H A :
8: : KW : % : \? : H > : ? E : H V : H: : CH s
B : 8 :: E : :7V W :: K :8 : : : ;A: % : \ K: 8: < K: : A: :; K : W:7 : ; : A: A: < P K :: ::: ; : B :: ; V : :A : < P K :: 8 :: K : % : %:7Y : Y :: B: : E : H%C : A : :H A : < P K ::A 8 : % :\ : 2W : : B : % :\ ? A :: H A :H%C : A :: H A : :GK : BA : ? : 7 V : :G A :
-K: % : H \ M : :HB :
f :: G :;K : % : : B : ! A W : : D : , B :: ? & : H :K : H% : \ 2 :: ? A : :GW: 8 :: K : % :%: 7Y :Y:: B : :: 7K :: G : ;C A : < P K ::A 8 : % : \#: *D : ;A :V :: % :: # : ? %:H \ P : : :C H '!#1/!!' !!7!;'!!, !5!-*!-/!!!5!! !!!)-'!> !(!3!7!-!"/!!7W: H ': H 3 H m: B: 8 : : E : : A : : ; D P H J W : : ? : : ; %: %: \ %: H / H K : < B: : ? # : : : ; C P : E : : A : : H : ' : : A:2: I A : % : \ :/ : A : # :\ : ? B : H 8 : C ^ %: :;D P H E ::A : K :: C : G C : Q : ;i % :\ :HK : 8 : : ; P K :: H% : B %: \ :G
? 3 :F%:_P # : \ M : X : . K : B:: ? &W ::%: \ : W : % :: D :Ge : ? H % :: # : ? P : > : H P : !5!!!3!7!!"/!!7: ;% :: ; Y : i 2::L> :: H : ; P % :\ : ; %:\ : :: G % : H / : H% : H / : G A : H M: D P A : : B : A :: K :: B :8:: E ::V : H: ;K : ? : G : : % :\ ? A :: A : W :: Q i : G%:\ : HK ::A : -H:;A : C :: ;B : % : \ :: W :: 8 : % : :# : ? P : E : :A :: H
EW : : W : : H> : H E: < K W : : #: ?7 #: ? :
P : H% : \ B ::: ;C A W:: 7 K : : 2 : I A : % : \ :/ :;K : 8 :: : %:\ ? W:: B :: : G & : I# : 8 : C ^ %: : ;D P H E : :A : H 8 :: K : % : E :: A ::GV W :: "A # : ^ ::GV ::G: : : ; : A W : : V W : : B : 7B% : \ A:: G V :: G # : < K : ? V :K::% : \ ? W : : B :: :G 3 : W : :: U : \ : :;K : % : \ Q i : G%:\ :HK : 8 : C ^ %::V :: :: C HU: \ :B: % : \ J V : ? P A :
K : 8 :< K :H
B:: 8 :: KW :: G% : \ ? :
: ; K : W:8 : : % :\ % :: %:\ : W : D HY::H* : W::V :: b : W : A K : %:\ ? A :: H > : :Hi :,V : H B : 8 :p : : ;% :YP H : : : ::;:B:: 8 :: KW :: G % : \ ? : % : \ ? : H CH W::V : H " ` : G i ::C H ? : M :H K :
B P I % : \ :
C 8 :P
: B: H K :8 : ID %:\ ? A : H % : \ : G A : < P K ::A 8 : % : \ #:dA :: G V :: % :: # :? %: \ T K : m : ! P ? K : H -% : \ : H :;: B :: %W ::Y:A : %:\ : V :: G A : < P K :: % : \ ? W : :V :: :: :; : !:;A : C : B : :V :: 8 :: > :: H% :: $ :HW::V :: b: W : A K : %: H \ P : :: C H A : < P K :: A 8 : %:\#: d A : B : < S % :: A :: GB : ::8:V : H : ? 8 : :K :%: % : 7Y : Y :: B : : :7K :: G % :: # : ? P : G A W:: 7 K :: G 2: I A : %:\ :/ :A :: G P ::: ; : B : *W::V W::munotes.in
Page 14
%: \ :/ :A : % : H > : % : H > : ] W:: B : 8 :: E :: 7 8 : * :: G P B: 8 :: K :A :: # :: C W : :V :: b : W:A K : % : H \ P : %W :: Y :A : % :\ : # : W : RA : M : C : D #: :: 7 V W:: " #:P M* :A : HV W :: 8 : I P 2 : I A : % :\ J# : K :: 7% : ? %:\ : W : %:\ ? A : H !: ; A : C : B : % : \ : ? M : W:: V : %:\ : / :#:: B : I K : : :;2:P H& : B :: 8 :p :: G % :: # : ? A : :: C H A : b:: ? 72 :: G A :
:HP :G A : H : B :HC :G:; K :D Y : K : :B : : : : A : : A : % :\ :G B :8 : : K : B :L d : 7 : ; A :% : \ C H A :I
B :7 p :C : : V : H A :7 : :: :; : % : > :: 6 % :\ ? : :V W : : b :% :\ :? :7 e :? HB: 7 V:: : ; P A : K :B : P H J W : : 3 H m : B : H mD? 8W:: K : :;% : j : B:K : :GW: A :
B: 7 > : : K :: : : ; : A : 7 : : : K: : V W : : : ; % : % : \: B : : B : C DH & : : G P W : : #: dA : : G V: H : K: < B : ? : % : \? : H % : \ : G : : : C H D< B : ) W : : M : : E: I B : M : : H : : B : A W : : 7 V W : : Y: : H *: : ;K: M: 7 *: : A : A : < P K: : A 8 : %: \ #: dA : : G M: : M: A : V W : : B : 8: B W : : 7 M: `P: ; P : ;C A ::H :: # : JW:: % :\ 3H W:: # : d A ::GA : A : < P K :: A 8 : %:\ # :dA :: G V W : : B : :8 :: KW :: G% : \ ? :: V ::G # : ? % : :K : > :: G $ : HW :: V W ::A: < P K : H A : :: ; * : % :\: V: I % : \A: H B : C % : \J # : K: : 7V W : : % : : N : GV W : : ! : ; A: C : B : : V: : G # : ::H : ; P %:\ : H::V W ::%:: N :GV W :: b :: ;U :\ W:: : ;C % : H \ P :G E :: % :: G A W::V W : :8C : W :: K : % : > : : :: ; : > : m W:: B :: ? &W:: b : % : > ::RV :H%:> ::6%:\ ? : % :\ ? W:: B : 8 : D A : % : \ ? A :H!!!.!!,:!$!'!!,'!!!(!!A : : %:\ :: ;* : % :: B :: A ::GJ: : 2W:: B : 8 : :K : %: % :7(: ( :: B : :GW: : H :: GW : %:\ : 8 : B : 8 :: E ::A : B: C 2 ::> ::G+ : : J : HJW :: :::;::;K : ? :G : : % : \ ? :: )W :: : ;K : ? : G : %:\ : e : ? H A : # :: B : J : H E ::A : H J :: H% : \ :7V : H : 7 A:> : A : 8 : A : : : :; : B : 8 : p :D hi : G%:\ : HK : : ; 8 : / % : : H C HW :: 8 ::> ::GJ : " `: Gi : B :A : H 8 : : ;J : K ::H%: B% :\ : G K : H m 4 : : ;M :X :: 7 3 :: W: J : 3B : V :: : 2W:: B :%: H \ J : :
A : :H E : % :/ E : % :/ A :: GK : % ::A W:: J::H% : \ : 7B :: HM :A : ? :: ;C J :: ' ::H3% : _W ::A : # : \ : GJ 3% : % : \ 8C : E : H :::;D % : : B : : Gmunotes.in
Page 15
B: 8 :: E ::A : : ;% : B : E : K : %:\ ? : HB : 7B %: h \ A :: G V :: B : D BW: 8C : IK : : ;( : % : \ :H
M:: HJ : : H
: ;% : V :: ? % : \ ? : H
# :: C :H
2:: % : K :: % :\ ? :H ::: ; : A W :: V : % : H / : G b :: ;( : :: ; A : 8 :: K : % : % : 7( : (:: B :: ::: ; : :; K: ? : G : :HK::1D %: : H8::: ;J :K::HB%:\ : G V W:: 8 :A :H# :\ : GJ 3%: % :\ V : H A :: GK : b : % : \ : ? H % : > :: 6% :\ ? : % : H\ J :H E ::. (: % : \ A : H b : ' :8:
:;%: a :: ' W:: % :\ 3 H%:: BA :: ;% : % :\ % : L:::;K : % : \ " `:Gi H : B : : H :: % : (W: % :\ :: C H ::: ; : :: * : < : ; K: % :\ %:: 7 : ;( : % :\ A : H V : H 8 : IJW : H :::;: : ; K: % :\ :8: : : ;C A : : B : : H : : % : ( W : % : \ : : C H D A W :: K : H B% :A : J:: %: \ :8 : :V W :: V :: 7 > : JW :: # :: ;? : FB' : A :: G A :q H%: J:H # ::: ;C E : H
8C : E : H V : > ::H? HJ : :H% : \ :7:;(: % :: W : E :> : : H ::: ; : 8:I/ J :: H %: \ :78 : *W : H ? : C :H (: H% : m : G
A W :: J ::: ; A: J : : #: < ? : % : H >: : H/: % : \ ? : H
C: A: : / : H : : : ; : A W : : V: H :;K: ? : % : \ ? : % : \ ? W : : V W : : M : ) W : : V: & : : B : #: g A : : GJ:: > :I % : \ ? : @W : : J::> : A ::GJ: 8 :: ;J : K :: H@ B%: \ :G # : I : #: :H:;% : V :: ? : A : $ : H. ( : % : \ A : K :: C : G % :\ : ? : W : H' : H K:L : ; A : % :\ : ;% : : W : : : C H E : B : H % : \ :G A :: H rA :: Hs C : ( : MD %: :# : ? A :: H A : H@C : A :: HB :7(:: H *: % :\ : J :: #:\ %:_A : # : < S : 8C : I K: # : : C A: : H: : : ; :B: 7( :: H* : % : \ % : \ :/ : : % : \ % :: !A : ? %:: 7 : ;( : % : \ ? 7 > : # :: 7N ? : # : < S : : B : I (: % :\ A : K :: C :G
# : ? 7A :< : :# : : # :\ %:_A : A :H$ :H. A W : :V W :: ( : MD :7V :: 8 : <&W : C HA : I E : :H : K% : H : % :\ :7K :: 8 :: > :D (: K : % : \ ? : H : : C H
$! !E : H8B : b:H\ + : ? B :: ? &W:: 8 :: K : % : %:7(:(:: B::V :H b : : H A : H C H : :8 : V : H : ? 8 :: K : % : % : 7( : (:: B ::C: H A : H 8 C : E : H V :A W:: 7 K :: GD I? D I? V W:: :;q %: \ : :: G b : % :: B : %: H\ J :HJW:: b : % :: B::G
: K% :H: % : \
@W:: # :: ? :G
: ;% : e : K :: 7 K::G : ;J :: ;C J : HJW :::; % :a :8 : :K : # :< B A :% : \ :7 % :? : :* : ::;? A : A W:: 7V :H B: 7D 2 : %:\ : N J:H V :: JB : 3::O% : K : B:: ? &W :: !A : ? (:: &::78 : * :: GJ :: ;% :V :: ? % : 7 A :: 7K :: GC : G % :\ : C :G : 2W :: B: % :\ : 7 K:: b:H : ;? A : % :H\ J : H C : H A : H 8 :: K : % : %:7(: ( : : B ::A ::GJ: b : ' : 8 : : ; %: V : : ? %: 7 A :
"AU : \ : 7A : : G% : : D : G : ;% : V : : ? % : 7 A : C H : : 8: V: H : ? 8 : : K : % : % : 7( : ( : : B ::C: H A : H %: \ : C: G %: \ : / : K : 7 A : ?
b : \ : 7 + : M: : H : : B:K:: % :: VW :: :8 : H : ;? % : \ K : : ;% : e : K :: K :7 B: 7B% : h \ A :: GB ::;A :VW :: B% :A : l VW : : D hi : G% :\ :HK :: A :IK : -% : \ B : 7B% : h \ A :: G B:8 :E: IK:$ :HW:: B :: q :G : :: ; : A W ::V :: : 2W :: B : %:\ ? W:: V :: :: p : C * : ? J :: A W:: 7 K :: G %:\ JV : ? J : : ;? J : H :;m @C + : 8 : B: :7B%:h\ A :: G% : \ B :: # : H : A :: % :: D K: : % :: V :: : ;B : g : 7 A : :;D J:: E W: :8 : *W : HB : 7B% : h \ A :: G V : H :;A :V W:: B% : A :l V W :: B : 7D 2:: A :B' : :K : :: C H 8C : IK :
B : 7D 2: B : 8 :E : IK : $ : HW : : B :: q :G : ::;: A :H ? H% :\ : 3 % : \ ? W :: B : : q : G ::: ; : A W:: # : *D A :: , V : H: ;K : ? : G : : % :\ ? W:: B :: q : G % :\ q : H? : H :: GW : %:\ : W: %:\ ? : %:H J::> : HJ : 8 ::> :? H m 8:: G 3
S ' : M : H K : H : ; 3%:_m W:: B :: ? &:H:H: % :\ : W: %:\ ? W:: B :: q :G b : \ : 7+ : K : H :: # : JW : : :;%: a : : ' W : : R K: : b : H : ; ?A : %: H \ J: H W:: # : \: G J 3 % : % : \ 8 : < / H -' : K :: H p: :# : \: G V :: G#: g A : : ;% : % : \ :;B:A : + :: J :: G -' : K :: H p ::# : \ :G C :G -%:\ # : g A : :: C H : ;E : ' : H B :7(:: H* : % :\ %: : :K : <% : : H : ;q %:\ : ::G ? : C A ::H : :: ; : : 2W :: B : %:H\ J : HJW :: B : 7B% : h \ A :: G V W:: D LK : 7 : ;D K : :;U:\ W : :7V :: G K :: 1D q H%:A :: Hb:\ : 7+ : M :: H :: B : K : 7 A : ?
% : \ : W : ( :: GJ :A : HVW :: ( :: / HA :: GJ : 8 : : ;J : K :: H% : B% :\ :G K:: % :: VW :: :: : & :: G -% :\ : K :: 8 : % : 7 A :: ;% : e :K::K:H A W : ::;q %: \ : :: G :H: ? V :K : : %: \ ? W::V : : ::p : C *: ? J :: A W:: 7 K:: G B% : A : %:H> : % : H > : / n :: : ;q % : \ : ::G#:\ : GJ3% : % : \ % : H\ J :H :: :; : : K : H% :\#: ::# : \ : GJ 3% : % : \ M : `J : # :: % : 3? 8:H% : \ ? W::7V W :: 8 : A :: 7M : `J :V :V :: % : \ ? : munotes.in
Page 16
!!(!!,5! !!/!!!!!!(!!'!!,.!!!*!"!!!*8:: K : % : % : 7( :: 7 V W:: % :> :: 6% : \ ? :: V W :: B : 8 :%: \ : J :: G K : : 2W :: B: 8::K : %::G (: ? : G? ? V :K : : V W :: A : : :6% : \ ? : ::: ; : @W :: % :\ ? :: 7 V :: G A : ::V W : : -H : ; A : C ::;B: % :\: ;% : % : \ : B ::V :: : ;% : BA :: ? 8C : IK : 8 :: K : % : % : 7( : (:: B : : ;% : % :\ : ;B : A : + :: J : H ( : H %: m :G
B:<8 :: ? H
8::K : % ::GA : ' W:: 7 V W:: : 2W:: B :: V :H -% : \ A : A % :b: B A : ::;% : A : % : H \ J : H " A U : \ : 7 A :: G V : :G B : 7 %: \ J # : K :: 8C : IK : 8 : :K : %: % :7(: ( :: B ::; % :% :\ : ; B : A : + : :J :H C H V ::J B : 3 :: O % :K : K :H : : # :J : H B : < b : :; B :g : :H : ; ? E : :, K : : : # :\ :F B # : : ; ( :E : b :% :\ : :; ( : A :%: \ ? W :: # : I% :: 6 V : $ : 3J : H C : HA :H E : :H? D : ?%: : D : ;% : % : : D : 78 :*W: H "c % : :: ? : G C : G B:7% : \ J# : K :: 8 :: K : % : % : 7( : ( :: B:: B :b:: ? 72 : : M : D I b: D :K : %:\ ? A : H 8 :: K : % : % : 7 (: (:: B ::C :G 53Hm : r #:H :: M: ? H V : % : \ : C : G $ :H. K : B: L g : 7 : ; A : % : \ % :: D : V W :::H::A : b : %:H(: % :\ ? A :: A : A :H A W : : :H :: V W :: : K : <2 : % :: e : ? H: ;K : :: W : % : \ ::%: \ : ? $ :HA : J : HJW :: : 7 A :: : K:
B : 7 %: H DK: : : :: ; : :: ; 2:8 : <& :A :HV :: -% : \ B : 7 V :$ : H . K: W:HA ::A : 8:: K : % : % : 7( : ( :: B::A :: GJ : V :V : : B : 7B% : h \ A : :GV : H 8 : I / ::: ; : 8 :: K : % :: G b : %:\ : ? : V : H 8:I/ B :8 : E : IK : $ : H. K : B : M: M :? # : ::
B: 2W : A :: W :: B : : ? &W :: % : H > : %:H> :/ n :: m ==W:: 7 8 : * : IK :E: : A: : : CH C : : ; B : g: 7A: E: 8: K: : : : ; : : ; M : X: ; m( : : 7 V W : :: ; 3# : _W : ::
(!!%!!munotes.in
Page 17
W:: : *W:: W :: V :: G B : % : :A : :: # : : B: 8 : p : D hi : G% :\ : HK : B:8 : E : I K: $ :H . K: %:H\ J :: G E :: G -% : 7 \ D ? : ;V : :: ; 8:/ : ;% : W :: B : : q : G-% : \ ::;* : %:\ % : \ :HK :: A : I K: : ;% : : W :: V :: :2W:: B : % : \ ? A : H#: < N : GJ : : ; % : : W : A : < J : K: : A 8: % : \ #: gA : : G V: : : : C HE W:: 8 : *W : H V : V :: % : H \ J : :GE :: A :H % : \: G A : K : 8 : : ;% : % : \ : B : : ::; : : ;2 : 0 : : ;B : g : 7 A :: 7B : C (::H* : W::A :: : J : :
(!*!•Robben, A. C., & Sluka, J. A. (Eds.). (2012). Ethnographicfieldwork: Ananthropological reader (Vol. 23). John Wiley &Sons.•Bubandt, N., & Otto, T. (2010). Anthropology and thepredicaments of holism.Experiments in holism: theory and practicein contemporary anthropology, 1-17.•Bock, K. (1966). TheComparative Method of Anthropology.ComparativeStudies in Society and History, 8(3), 269-280.doi:10.1017/S0010417500004072•Jorgensen, J. (1979). Cross-Cultural Comparisons. Annual ReviewofAnthropology, 8, 309-331. Retrieved December 11, 2020, from•http://www.jstor.org/stable/2155622•Sarana G, (1975) The Methodology of AnthropologicalComparisons: AnAnalysis of Comparative Methods in Social andCultural Anthropology, VikingFund Publications.•Hammel, E. (1980). The Comparative Method in AnthropologicalPerspective.Comparative Studies in Society and History, 22(2), 145-155.•Boas, F. (1896). The Limitations of the Comparative Method ofAnthropology.•Science, 4(103), 901-908.•Robben, A. C.,•Malinowski, B. (2007). Method and scope of anthropologicalfieldwork.Ethnographic fieldwork: An anthropological reader, 4-25.•https://www.britannica.com/science/cultural-anthropology/Historical-•development-of-cultural-anthropology Comparative Method inAnthropology Edmund R. Leach•Ingold, T. (Ed.). (1996). Key Debates in Anthropology. London:Routledge,https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203450956munotes.in
Page 18
•Barnard, A., & Spencer, J. (2010). Encyclopaedia of social andculturalanthropology. pg. 146, Rout ledge.•https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-aw/anthropology-and-•archaeology/anthropology-terms-and-concepts/anthropology#KVI.TheComparative Method inAnthropology Edmund R. Leach.munotes.in
Page 19
/<)A)'/))5))2)5;H)5.)A)69)E)0)-)))23)()9)E)0)-)))2)*:)?I)5!)E)0)-)))2)I.)A-=)9))
45Xce4A
:M4T41:44@44=4@I45`94T4AD4
Z4;:444D44
O44 O44
;441;94T45:494T:M4T41:44@N4445:4<4;4
:M4T41:44@N4AZ494T48
c4O4C48O441N4AO44A74=4D4
24474D4N4AO44A74=4D4
(C4
(N4
24474D4O441N44:M4T4145:444=4@45;4\41:4
45c94T4:2494T484@44
Z4;48444=
Z4;:444D44
O44 O44
>424D4454N448;41Z4=4O4
>424D444;c/A45C4O44:44@C4Z4;48444=4@45;4\41:4
45G4P45c"4454N448;41Z4=4O4
;441;94T45:494TZ4;484
:41444D4424$O4A;441;94T45:494TZ4;484
4!4"44;444454;441;94T45:494TZ4;484
;44841"4
;41=-4
)*CIJ)6•244D44"44;44N4AZ448145-494T45;4\41:4;424>4BD44A4A
•;4424445>494T44454;441;94T45:494T:M4T41:44@;424>4BD44A4A
•:M4T41:44@45;4\41:44:44@C4c4O4C484445424474D4O441NO44O44A74=4D44N4A244BD44A4Amunotes.in
Page 30
4'(-'/''(.','='(''('C-''''0'''('.'%+:'7''-&','=@','=';'''0@','=+'+:'7''78YaD
778;Q7R7
*D78=7?778>7<7U78!778$7a=77!77@
]7U74'7J77D77>7Q7DR77D:7@7G7
78G7<7U7>74;Q7G77=57<7U[7<7U7R7!77@
778;Q7R7J7S778G7>F7757DF77CG77D!7><7U7C
:7;A7DQ7778>7^74=7A77@EQ7D<7U7R757G77D!77778G7<7U[7<7U7R7!77@d7C<7U7=57<7U7;7C77*77;;D07B<7XF77UJ7S7+G7
;Q7G7777787[7<7U7R7I>7.78cR7>77&75R777787[7<7U7R7!77@78!7G77D@7C>74J74&777787[7<7U7R7!77@78!7F777577=77*<7X'77D:757>7577R7D=77CA774@577G7J7Dd7!7;7CF7<7U57<7U74057DF77CG77D!7><7U7C77787;D07B<7XF77UJ7S7+G7R774QR77=77CF7=79F7G77>77;74$7d7C<7U7=57<7U579FR75777G7>74@/7h74#77778779>=7<7DUmunotes.in
Page 31
'(?C4•*D78=778>7<7U78!778$7a=77?7C>74<7UF7G77>757A7EG7 7D7D77787]7U74'7J77D77>7R774G77C78@F7DF7DR77D:7@7G77/R77>77D•577G7!7!74$7$77>77=77CF7[7<7U7R7!77@?7C>74<7UF7G777778778=7Q7D57?W!7>757A7EG7 7D7D•577G7!7!74$7$77>77=77CF757DF77CG77D!7><7U7C77787;D07B<7XF77UJ7S7+G7R774QR77[7<7U7R7!77@>74J74&77=77CF7R77D:7@7G77Q7D57EFR774<7UG7<7U;7D ''(+:';'78!778$7a=77 AR77F77 *D78=7?778>7<7U 78!778$7a=77 @D"77CF7 5?dF7D A77=7D ]7U74'7 J77D77>7 77787 =R774QR7778!7Z77#R77M$77C>74J7478&7=77>7F7DF7D577G7!7!74$7$77>77CR778!7Q77;>74[7@7R7=R777H<7U7C**F7P7U7D*J7; O#7J7DG7D780<7Xd77787577:77;Dd577C0AR774G77C>74><7U=77CQ777/R77>7<7U;=77G77A77C!7G77=77CF7*<7U7C<7U=77778778!778$7d577:77!7;A77D;78@F77R77577G7!7$77>7774G77C78!778$7a=77 >774><7U78=7<7U=P7U74=77C <79UF7d6<7DU0>777787 /77H:77D78F7<7U 78<74U!77 7R77!7;77CR7 78G7&77;7!77@ R77>77;"R77 78>7^74=77Q77 78!7;7D&7 @$778!7F77 R77>7!77MG77C /77H78=7<7U 78!777G774>77;"R77 >77577GR7 78G7R7577Q77C A7>7D <7U7C #7577I07R7G777857<7X>7 78<74U!77:79N=!77<7U777Q7D<7U7R7@D57778F7<7U7$77D&7R77Q77[7R7=G7<7DUF77*D78=7?778>7<7U78!778$7a=7DQ77C>74<7UF7G77>7E78Q7=7<7U;=7D<7U7C >7!7>74><7U=77CQ77>!7=7Q77*D78=7?778>7<7U[77D777787 [7=R7D<7U >74><7U=77C R77 78=7?7>77QR77 7G79>77;78!7<7U78>7=7 '77F77C 77?D ?7C <7UF7G77577G7!7!74$7$77>77 ]7U74'7 J77C77>7 R774G77C F77D<7U78[7R7 <7DUF77C ?7D=77C ]7U74'7 J77D77>7 R774G77577G7!7!74$7$77>77Q7D>74>#777<7U577G7F7DA77=7D 4'(-'/''(.','='(''('C-''''0*D78=7?778>7<7U78!778$7a=77R77$7J@7Q777#77>7777?D<7U7C [7=R7D<7U>74><7U=77CQ77>!7=7Q7778!778$7a78=7?7>7 77?D A77D >77!7/77H57 <7U7R7Z774_7;D $7778>7=7 <7DUF77 A77=7 G77?7C ?7C <7UF7G77 J77D7778>7R7G7577G7!7!74$7$77>77=77CF7*<7U577Di7 7d<7U77?D<7U7;7>74><7U=77CQ777/R77>7<7U;=77G77J77D7778>7R774G77CR77!7;=77C777F7DF77<7.U78c=7<7DUF7D77?DF79>7?DG7;7C577:7G7QR77=P7U74=77C577:77QR77>74<7UF7G7DQR7777787=79F7G77=57<7U7^=77CQ77!777;<7U;R77QR7778!7N^*D78=7?778>7<7U78!778$7a=7778!7<7U78>7=7<7DUF77C:7DF77C=P7U74=77C!77@7C577:77G7D>774><7U78=7<7U>7577G7=77>7a<7U;R77>77i7C=P7U74=77C!77Z774G77C>77577GR777787>77!7787<7U 78!77R7 !777;F7D 7;4=79 J77D77>7 7>77 @7!77 <7U;=77=7 <7U7C 22>77577GR7 =P7U74=77CQR77La7C<7U7DG77Q77!R777<7U>74@/7G7 7D=77>7!77=777&77C>774><7U78=7<7U!7H78$7df774Q7D>7a7C<7U;778!778$7a>774><7U78=7<7U>74@/77=7<7DUF7D7778?A7DJ77D77>777787=R774Q7D7G79R77R77C7>7D577G7=77=7<7U7C>74><7U=77CQ77C=79F7G77<7U;=77R7D=7G77?7C78<74U!77>74><7U=77CQ77=79F7G77>77577GR7=7DQR777&77CG7?7D+G7<7DUF77CA77+$7<7U=7G77?7C <7U7;7 [7=R7D<7U >74><7U=77CQ77 !7D:7,7 77787 78!778$7a 78=7?7>7 77?D A7;7C R77579,D >7577G7>774><7U78=7<7U7HF7E78G75777'77F7D7>7F7D=7;7C?7C*D78=7?778>7<7U78!778$7a=7777787[7>7;7!77@R77@7DG?7C>74<7UF7G77[7=R777=7?7=77=7?7=7 77F7EG7>7577D;77FR7777?D=7>74><7U=77C57&77CF7>7577G7!7H78$7aR7D78!778!7&7>74><7U=77C57&77CF77;>7;@D!777 7D!7777C579,D[7>7;777!7=77=7=7#77787 !7H78$7df7D7>7F77C=7;7C munotes.in
Page 32
>7577A7757&R7D!7D:7!7D:7VR77?7F7Q77F77C?7D=77>7=77=7=R774QR77=R77?7F7Q77F77C579,D>74><7U=77C78/7-7777877G7GR778=7?7>778!7<7U78>7=7<7U;=77=7?7La7C<7U7DG77>77@7!77<7U;=77D<7U7C[7=R7D<7U>7577A77Q77>!7=7Q77*<7U78!778$7a*D78=7?778>7<7U78!7<7U7>777?D 77787 =77D 777FR77 >!7=7QR77 78!778$7a >774><7U78=7<7U 77787 7R77!7;77CR7 >74@/7 78!7$7D7=7*D78=7?778>7<7U [778P7UR7DQR7777&77;D >757A7EG7 7D=7F77 7778?A7D =R77Q77 579"R7 77&77; 7>77 ?7D=77 <7U7C>74><7U=77C?7>!7=7F77>7757778A7<7U>757E??7D=7707G7IF7
*<7U7D787>77!R77$7=7<7U7=77CF7>7757778A7<7U =P7U74=77CQR77 78>7^74=77!7; *D78=7?778>7<7U =7A774G77C d7C<7U7 <7DUF77C 77787 =77C :7H
!7H7778G7<7U5?7EG7 77D787=7<7DUF77C77787>!7=7F777E!7h7?7477>7EG7@E;iD!7F7DJ77D77>7R774Q777>7778!7b77>7?7D=77<7U7CR7D#7D>77!7/77H57<7U7R7@D77?D=7A7D>74><7U=77CQR77=7F7G77=57<7U7/R77>77_7;D7857,E$7<7U=77=7=7#77787 =7D7>7778!7Q77;<7U;7C=7?7D=7D<7U7C 7F7J&757778?=77CG79>77;=R774Q7D7&R7R7G7<7U;7D$7<7XR7G77?7C=R77>77i7CJ77D77>777787=R774QR777G79R77R774G77C*#7G77Dh77787U<7U7D7<7U7R7<7UOG7>74><7U=77C78!77R7<7U5778?=77CA7577<7DUF77CR77<7UQQR7777<7U0D!77;7CQR7777&77;D=R774G77C>7!7>7577A774G77F77:7E?7D77;D>77577GR778>7^74=7>#77787=7<7U;R77Q77[7R7=G7<7U;R77*D!7A77C78!778$7a>74><7U=77CQ7D!77G7<7DUF7D A'='%'9''4''.':'4;''4*'0'7'78!7>77!R77$7=7<7U7QR77>79O!77=77CQR77<7U7,7=7]7U74'7J77D77>777787=R77QR7778!7Z77#R77MG77C*D78=7?778>7<7U78!778$7a=77 ?7C >74<7UF7G77 78!7<7U78>7=7 <7DUF77C 78=7?7>7=7=7774G77C 7D7<7U7R7 7^=77CF77 >774><7U=77C<7U78!7$F7D777Q77C57?W!77Q77C7^=75?7EG757?W!778@F7D=R77Q7!7D,7C 577G7!7!74$7$77>7774Q7D>7577A7757&R7D!R7<7X=77CQ7D57?W!7R77!7;78/7-757=7D?7D=77C@7?;77#7 ]7U74'7J77D77>7G7D[7=R7D<7U!R7<7X=77CF77>7577A77Q7757EF7/7E=7 7d<7U5?7EG77778?F7D=R774G77C7D7<7U7R77^=77CQ77!777;<7UOG757778?=77C:77D,7<7DUF77C77787>774><7U78=7<7U78!7$F7D777>77i7C?7C57778?=77C577HFR7!77G7>757A7F77C@9>7;7C<7U0D7F]7DU0F7D!?7C>7P7U7DJ7;!R7<7X=77)G77>7577A77Q7D57EF7/7E=7 7d<7U5?7EG777?=7G77?7C=7=R774Q777>7778!7b77>777?D<7U7C>7577A7=R77QR77>!7=7QR7774=7:7=7<7U7R7Z774G79>77;78!7<7U78>7=7?7D=77DA77D#7Dd=R77QR77!R7<7X=77C<7U0EG7\!7=7G77?7CR77>774><7U78<7U7HF7EF77>797;77;:778G7<7UG77!778@F7D777877>77@7!77<7DUF77<7U7CR777!R7<7X=7$7<7X=77CQ7778!7Q77;<7DUFR7778$7!77R7>7577A77Q7D!77G7<7U;=77R7D77;G77?7CJ77D77>7 R774G77C >!7=747 >74><7U=77CQ77 7/R77>7 <7U;R77!7; A77D; 78@F77 =R774G77C 7>7D 577G7F7D <7U7C577G7!7!74$7$77>7774Q77C [77#77857<7U A7J77J7@7;7C 7$77C 77?D <7U7C =R77 >7&R77QR77 ;Q7G7DF77 <7U7;77C/7E=7i;F7DFR77*D78=7?778>7<7U 7dG774Q77C79G7<7U;R77QR77La7C<7U7DG77=7EG778@F7DFR77>774><7U78=7<7U!7H78$7a6R774Q7D!77G7 <7U;7D ?D R777;7C[7DR77=77CF7 =P7U74=77C!77@7QR7778!7<7U7>7 >74@/77=77CF7:7?7C=7<7U74Q7D78G7;7<7U;7<7U;7D77787*<7U7>74><7U=77CQ77[7/77!7@9>7%R77>74><7U=77CQ77[7/77!778!778$7a>7577A774QR77<7U7,A77C7E!7<7U!77E77/R77>77>77i7C:77H77>77!77?7C&77;77?7D=77C78!778$7a>74><7U=77CQ77C!7H78$7df7D77787 7d<7U74Q7D!77G7 R77!7; 77&7778;=7 *D78=7?778>7<7U 7^=77C =P7U7478=7!77Z774QR77 =79F7G77=57<7U 7^=77C>7 7E;<7U iO$7<7DUF7 AR774G77C 777FR77 57778?=77CQ77 7R77D:7 <7DUF77 >7!7 >74><7U=77CQ77C =79F7G77 <7U;=77 R7DF7 7$77C&77;77G77<7U7;F77C=R77*D!7A77C>774><7U78=7<7U>777D7=7DQ7779;><7U7;<7U;R77*D!7A77C>7!7>74><7U=77C=R774QR77>7@>R774QR77:7;A77/77:778!7R77>778=7=7<7XR77Q7>757#777?D=7J77D77>7 577G7!7!7!74$7$77>77=77CF7 78!778$7a 78!7Q77;>7;77C>7 W7; @D=77=7 AR774G77 >7757778A7<7U=P7U74=77C!77@7C La7C<7U7DG7 5?7EG7 77D,"7F7D A77=7D ?7 L78a<7U7DG7 7>7D >774:7=77D <7U7C >74><7U=77)Q7778!7<7U7>7?7*<7U;D787R7577:77G7D'77F7777?D@9>7%R77$7J@7=7R77Q777#77>77<7U7C 7G7D<7U77;47778;<7Umunotes.in
Page 33
>74><7U=77C7"7D;7C>7778&7<7U78!7<7U78>7=77>7F7DFR77778T7577=R7R79;7D787R7G7>74><7U=77C<7U0EG77G7D<7U7HF7E>!77C<7U7;<7U=77=7J77D77>7R774QR7757=7D>7757778A7<7U=P7U74=77C!77@7CLa7C<7U7DG77Q77C?7C>757>R77?7D=77C<7U7C=R774Q777>7778!7b77>7?7D=77<7U7C 77T77=R7R79;7D787R7G7@D$7?D>74><7U=77C<7U$777>7FR777778?A7D=7R77Q7D@7?;7 77?D R77579,D !7D:7!7D:7VR77 >74><7U=77)QR77 !7H78$7aR774<7U0D @9F77 <7DUF7D :7DF7D R77=7EG7Q7*D78=7?778>7<7U78!778$7a=77R7D=7DJ77D77>7R774QR7757=7D>74><7U=77C"7;7D"7;Q7>757A7EG7 7DR77Q77*<7U57D!7577:75?7A7D=R774QR77!7HR77B<7X=7<7U78=7?7>774J7YF7>7"77DF7>74$77D&7G7<7U;7D7777>74><7U=77C78!77R77C<7U7D7=7D?7C!7H78b7<7U<7U7R7@D:778?=7&7O$7<7U=7G77?7C>74><7U=77C*<7U57D<7U747D77!7D:7VR7777?D=7R7757?W!77QR77577:77579,D?D777FR77F7774&7J7G7!7=7D5?7EG7*D78=7?778>7<7U78!778$7a=77*<7U[7<7U7;Q77C>74$77D&7G77^=77C77?DJ77D77>7R774G77C577G7!7!74$7$77>7774G77@E;!7OG7=777>777C<7U;R77Q77[7R7=G7<7U;R77*D!7A77C=R774G77AR77>74><7U=77)Q777/R77>7<7U;R77Q77CQe777?D=R777D77=7#7DdA77R77Q7D77!77?G7<7DUF7D>74><7U=77C=7!R7>=7 ;7?R77*D!7A77C 7U<7X=7 78F778?R77Q77C [7!7W77C 7>7F7DFR774>77i7C ?7 [778=7>77@ ?7D=77 =R77579,D7G7D<7U74G777757Q7D7;577G7!7!74$7$77>775?7=77=7=7;>74><7U=77C>757A7EG7 7DR77>77i7C=79F7G77<7U;7D?7*<7UQ774:7F77577:777?DJ7DJ77D77>7G77577GR7G7!?=7D@7DG7>74><7U=77C57&R7D>7577G7=77777877U;<7U$77D&7R77Q77[7R7=G7<7U;R77*D!7A77C7777=R77[7=R7D<7U77QR777HF7E4Q7D>7"77DF777D7&R7R7G7<7U;7D:7;A7DQ7D77?D
'(7','='J77D77>7QR77!7HQ7778;<7U[7/79W!77_7;D!R77$7=7<7U7QR77W7;7&77=7757D78;<7UG7577G7!7!74$7$77>7774!7;[7/79=!7 7857,!7EG7 78!778$7a 78!7Q77;>7;77CQ77 7R77D:7 '77F77
QR77 @$7<7U777>7EG7 @9>7%R7757?7R79^7G74=7;G7!7=P7U7478=7!77@77787=7;7G7D<7U78>7^74=774G77C?7C78!7Q77;>7;77Ch7?7<7DUF77C=7#77787 78!778$7a?7L78a<7U7DG7
QR77@$7<7U7=779G?778!7"79;F77<7U7;7577G7!7$77>774G77C?D77D,"7R77>7>79N!77=7<7DUF77C<7U7C78!778$7a*D78=7?778>7<7U[778P7UR77A77:778=7<7U7C<7U;77QR77<7U7,7=7?7C78/7-777?D=7 .'%+:'7''-&','=@','=';'''0 ''(+:';'>74;Q7G77=57<7U [7<7U7R7!77@ ?7C 57E,=7 =P7U74=77C!77@ 77787 [7>7;7777>7EG7 @E; A77R77>77i7C =7R77;<7DUF7DF77Ch7Ddd78J7SdG757&77CF7*<7U>7H^7478=7<7U78!7Q77;>7;77C?7C=77C$7=7<7U7QR77$7D!7d7C757D78;<7UG77778778J7S78d$7577G7!7!74$7$77>77!7;[7/79=!77>7F7DFR77=P74U78=7!77@77787[7>7;7!77@7477>7EG7@E;A77R77Q77?7[7R7=G7?7D=77F7D>7;
F7:7G7D>7
>74;Q7G77=57<7U [7<7U7R7!77@7QR77 57EF7/7E=7 >74<7UF7G77 ?7G7I>7 >74;Q7G77 77787 !R7!7>#7D57&R7D 77?D=7>74;Q7G77=57<7U [7<7U7R7!77@7G7D /77:774Q77C 77H7Q7778;<7U P7U57!77;7C F77!7R77!7; 77787 =R774QR77 <7U7R775774=778P7UR77!7;A77D;78@F77<7U7;7>74;78Q7=7>7757778A7<7U!R7!7>#7DQR77>74;777Q77C77!7$R7<7U=777>7=7D<7U7D7=R77?7C>74>#7DQ7D<7U7R779G78G77857=7>7757778A7<7U78P7UR77577Dif77>74;Q7G7DQ77C>747E7@D"7/77F7<7U;7D?D7>7D?7C>757A7E=7>7757778A7<7U!R7!7>#7D57&R77774=778;<7U*D<7XR778G75777<7U;=7Dmunotes.in
Page 34
77&7978G7<7U>7577A7$77>77CR777787577G7!7!74$7$77>77CR778>7^74=7[7<7U7R77=57<7U78!7$F7D777_7;D577Dif77[757777!7; [7/7778!7=7 '77F7D 77?D=7 =R77Q77 78=7?7>7 <7U7D57dDQR77 >77!7787<7U *<7U57=7 7>7F7DFR77>7DG>7;Q77C>7.78cR7>77L$R7=77 7;Dd7DQ77C>7577A7*<7U>757=77D78F7=77!7>#7777?D?7C>74<7UF7G77777870E78"757QR77[7<7U7R77=57<7U78!7$F7D777Q77C[777F77CR77457&R7D>7770=77D[7<7U7R7!77@5?7A7D*<7U7D787>77!R77$7=7<7U7=77CF7=P7U74=77C!77@7C77787[7>77;!77@7C78>7^74=774QR777778778!7>77!R77 $7=7<7U7QR77 *D78=7?778>7<7U!77@7QR77 *D78=7?778>7<7ULaR77 A777!7F7DFR77 778=7;D<7U 7778777C!774J7YF7Q77C[778=778P7UR77?7DR7:77DF707B>57d
[7<7U7R7!77@7C 78!7Q77;!74=7 >7577A77Q7D !7D:7!7D:7VR77 /77:7 77787 =R774Q7D >74J74&7 R774Q7D !77G7 >7.78cR7>7577G7=7DG79>77;<7U;R77Q77[7R7=G7<7U;7=7>7.78cR7>77L$R7=77>7577A77=77CF7!7D:7!7D:7VR77/77:77Q77C=79F7G77*<7U7>74A77C!774QR777!7R7!774$77C<7U;=7D>7A77C!7$7;7C;7=77CF77G7D<7U/77:7777877!7R7!774QR77>74 778d=7[777F77C_7;D 79G7O=77@G7 77787 <7U7R7 <7UOG7 A7:7R77>7 >7757 ?7D=77=7 *"77Z77 A77C!7$77>77CR7A77C!777E[75777DQ7>7577A7@D"77CF7!7D:7!7D:7VR77/77:77457&R7D7;>7;774=7;78P7UR77>77&7=77=7&757 G77=7D@7;7C777877#7!R7!7>#77R77>77;"R77>74>#77?D>7577A77Q7D7!7R7!777?D=777787!R7<7X=77CR77>7757778A7<7UA77C!7G77=77CF7 7D$77C 77?D=7 [7<7U7R7!77@7C 78!7$F7D777_7;D >7757778A7<7U 7dG774Q7D 57?W!7 7;7C77 <7DUF7D5?7A7DQ778!778!7&7>74>#774_7;D<7DUF77CA7777;7C<7U7R7?7C>747E7>7577A77Q7D778>=7=!77J7778&7=7iD!7=77=7A77!773
[7<7U7R7!77@?7C>74<7UF7G77>7?A777D>7a<7U;=77R7D=7G77?7C<7U7;7<7U7R777787<7U7R7$77CF7=77R77>74<7UF7G77 !7D:7!7D:7VR77 78!7Q77;!74=774<7U0EG7 !7D:7VR77!7D:7VR77 7#77G7D !777;FR77 :7DFR77 77?D=7>7577A7$77>777D77 A77C!7$77>7 577G7>7$77>7 77787 >774><7U78=7<7U 57577G7!7!74$7$77>77=7 [7<7U7R7!77@La7C<7U7DG7 "7E7Q7 A79G77 77?D 7E!773 74U<7X$7G7 ?7 $7J@ >77577GR7=7 >747E7 /77:77>77e7C 78@F7DFR77R77D:7@7G77QR77>7<7U7;7=57<7U7#77G7D!777;F77A77=7?7D=7777A7R77Q777#7778;77575?7EG7 7D=7F77A77=77DAR77Q77?D=7E77D,"7F7778<74U!7777D,"7F77A77+$7<7U=7G77?7C[7<7U7R7!77@ 577G7!7!74$7$77>77=77CF7 !7HQ7778;<7U >774[7@7R7 5?7EG7 78!7>77!R77 $7=7<7U7QR77 >79O!77=77C>7@R77>7 77F77 577G7!7!74$7$77>77=77CF7 [7<7U7R7!77@ >77577GR7=7 @7DG7 78!7Q77;74QR77 78!7/77:77457&R7D78!7/77:77F77A77=77D [7=R7D<7U*<7U57?W!77QR77!R77B<7X=757W!77$77C>74J7478&7=777?DJ7S778G7>F77D57D78F7G77D!7><7U7C77787*77;;D0<7XF77C7UJ7S7+G7R774Q77[7<7U7R7!77@7QR7778!7<7U7>77!7;h7Dd78J7SdG777787=7;7577Di7[7/77!7 ?7D=77D
=7D
R77<7U7F77!7&77C57&R7D [7<7U7R7!77@7Q7D @7DG7 [7<7U7; 78!7<7U78>7=7 '77F7D 57D78F7G77D!7><7U7CQ77 A7H!7>774><7U78=7<7U 78<74U!77 577G7>7$77>77CR7 [7<7U7R7!77@ 77787 >74;Q7G77=57<7U[7<7U7R7!77@?DLa7C<7U7DG7;D<7XF77C7UJ7S7+G7R774G77C79KD78!7<7U78>7=7<7DUF7D577G7>7$77>77CR7 [7<7U7R7!77@7Q77 >74J74&7 J7S778G7>F77 57D78F7G77D!7><7U7C
$77C A77D0F7DF7777?D57D78F7G77D!7><7U7)Q77C7^=778!7>=7=7>7"77DF77D77!7;77&7778;=7?7D=77CAR77@;5R77G7=R774G77C=R774QR77>7H^7478=7<7U78>#7=77C>7>757#7G7@DR77>77i7C79;7!7D:77D,7<7DUF7D>74;Q7G77=57<7U[7<7U7R7!77@?7@9>7;7>74[7@7R7;07B<7XF77UJ7S7+G7$77C>74J7478&7=777?D
>774><7U78=7<7U >74>#77 >7577A77=77CF7 >757=77DF7 77787 >7?<7U7R7 <7U>7D7J7778&7=7 iD!7=77=7 ?D >757A7EG7 7DR77Q77=R774G77C[7R7=G7<7DUF77?7D=77munotes.in
Page 35
9'<''(7'.6''&'46''37''4'.,'='357D78F7G77D!7><7U7C R774G77 78J7Sd7C$7 >7757778A7<7U 577G7!7!74$7$77>77Q7D >74>#777<7U 577G7F7D A77=7D =R774G77C/77H78=7<7U$77>77Q7D 78$777 7D=7F7D 77787
57&R7D =R774G77C /77H78=7<7U$77>7 77787 :7787=7 R7778!77R77457&7EG7 77C*Q707C [77=7 <7DUF77C =R774QR77!7; 0;"77C57 77787 78F7778'7:7 R7D#77CF7 78!7?DF757 !7490=R774Q77[7/77!7?7D=77
57&R7D=R774G77CF740G7><7EUF7777U<7U7G777857<7X>757&R7D577G7!7!74$7$77>77Q777/R77>7<7DUF77G74=7;*F7*>7R7D#7D=R774G77C!?7G>7
78[7Q70 77R7'7<7U><7DU7D;7 ;D57407U#7 7U7Dd>777787G70DF7=R77@7C7G7D<7U=<7Ua4h7A77C577G7!7!74$7$7$77>7774G77[778$77778@F7D=R774G77C*F7*>7!7<7.U78J7SA7R7D#7D7G7D<7U577G7!7$77>778!77R7<7U<7U7R7P7U5778!7<7U78>7=7<7DUF7D57D78F7G77D!7><7U7)G77&75777787F77D<7U>7778?=R77457&R7D;>7?7D=77=R774G77C777FR777D7<7U7R77778778>7^74=7R774QR77=77CF7>77C577?7C=R774QR777D7<7U7R7P7U74=77CG77C=R774G77C>747!7F77C=R77Q77C"77F77CF779>=7<7DU[778>7^77?D=7
!7D>dG7778>7787U<7UQ7D77:77IG77d6>7
>7D!7DA7>77D>77R7d7C57&77CF778F74:777787@07$77?7C
785778F7G77D!7><7U7)Q77C>74><7U=77CQ77C >74<7UF7G77 =R774QR77 <7U7,7=77CF7 577G7!7!74$7$77>77=77CF7 78!7Q77;>7;77C=7>7!77=7 W7DA7<7U <7U7R7 ?7D=7D 7;4=79 =R774QR77 R77 <7U7R77F77 <7U577C F7D"7F7D :7DF7D=R774Q7D*#7G77Dh77787U<7U<7U7R7?D>74><7U=77C!R7<7X=77CQR77:7;A77<7U$777E7R77QR77$77C>74J7478&7=7?7D=7D?D>74><7U=77CG7D>7577A77QR77:7;A77<7U$777E7<7DUFR77R77!7;/7;@D77%R77;D07B<7XF77UJ7S7+G7R774QR77La7C<7U7DG77F7778!7;7D&77/77>77C77?D?77U;<7U>757A7EG7 7DR77>77i7C77787G77D78F7G77D!7><7U7)QR77R77D:7@7G77Q7D57EFR774<7UG7<7U;R77>77i7C=R77QR77:7;A774QR7778>7^74=7777>7EG7>79O!77=7<7DUF77C7778?A7D *'+1'4:'''(.'B'%-'57D78F7G77D!7><7U7)Q77:7;A778>7^74=7?7=R774QR77>74><7U=77C78!77R7<7U[7<7U7R7!77@7CL78a<7U7DG77Q77579"R7/77:777?D777FR7778>7^74=77_7;D=R774G77C!R7<7X=77C77787>7577A77F77A77D0R77Q77[7R7=G7<7DUF77=R774QR7757=7D>74><7U=77C !R7<7X=77CQR77 57EF7/7E=7A7H78!7<7U 577G778>7<7U 77787 >7757778A7<7U :7;A77 7E7 <7U;R77>77i7C778>=7=!77=777F77C77?D57D78F7G77D!7><7U7CR774G77C<7U7R77<7U0D$77;7C78;<7UL78a<7U7DG77=7EG77778?F7D=R774G77C<7U7R77Q7D>7a7C<7U;7?DR77D:R778P7UR77<7UOG7[77=7?7D77;D>7.c7CR7[7D;7DQ7D>7577&77G75?7EG7<7DUF7D77?=R774G77C=R774Q77C$77;7C78;<7U>77L$R7=77778&7<7U78!7<7U78>7=7<7DUF77C@7=R774G77C7>77R797B<7X=7!77@<7DUF77<7U7CA7;>77577GR779U7X79U>77Q7D<7U7R7<7U>7D<7U;7R7Q7DR77Q7D!77G7<7U;7R7Q7D7>7DF7=7;7777[778P7UR7DQ7D>!7O7!77G7<7U;7C=777?7D=77;4=79A7;777779U7X79U>7=R77Q7D<7U7R7<7U7<7U;7C=777?D?D>757A77!7EG7>774:77R7Q77[7R7=G7<7DUF77=7;7777=R77QR77<7U7R77$77C>74J7478&7=777?7D=757D78F7G77D!7><7U7CR774G77C78F778?F7D<7U7C>774><7U78=7<7U>74>#7778!778!7&7:7;A777E7<7U;R77>77i7C*<7U787=7<7U7R7!7[778=7>77@@D=77=777787=R77:7;A774Q77CO7;D77>7a<7U;R77>77i7C=R774G77C777FR77>77;7478$7<7U=7<7X=R77Q77[7<7U7;!777;F7777?D57D78F7G77D!7><7U7CR774G77CR77[7=R7D<7U:7;A774Q7D=77$77CF7!7!77G7>774><7U78=7<7U[778=7>77@5?7EG7<7DUF7D7;4=79<7U7?7C@7?;7D"77F77CF7[75777D77?D=7''(/6''3&''7'''3*'+1'$$:';''':'7'&'4E'9''4'(6''&'/'4;' •7-7>7D!7G7<7U;R77Q77C[778P7UR77•7Q7G7munotes.in
Page 36
•7G797478:7<7Ug77!7•77H78a<7U7@7#77MQ7D$77D7777787•<7UQ7;7[7<7U;77Q77G7<7U7;>774><7U78=7<7U[778=7>77@22<7U7857>7;7CR7F7>7HGR77F777-779;!777;DF7<7U;7CR7978G7d57&R7DR77:77Da7)Q77>7577!7D$777?D
7-7<7U>7D 7D=7F7D <7U$77[7<7U7;D=7R77;<7DUF7D77787<7U>7D"77FF7D7-7<79UiD>7D!7G7<7DUF7D:7DF7D77787<7U7D7=R77>7757778A7<7U*<7U<7U757&R7D7-778!7=778;=7<7U;R77Q77C778#7<7U77787>7757778A7<7U>74>#777-778!7=7;77>77i7C<7U7R7@D$77C;77787[7#77:7=778G7R757=R7778G7R75774Q77C7457F7J7A77!777C<7U;7778&7<7U7;57EF7/7E=7:7;A7 >79;77 <7DU!7,2R774787<7U77 77=77579,D$77;7C78;<7UA7"757;7D"77D [7777C78<74U!77=7;577G7!774<7U0EG7 ?7D77%R77 ?FFR77Q77 [778=7J74&7 R77Q77 7#7 >774><7U78=7<7U [778=7>77@ 7>77 77?D 7;4=79>74;77R7757&R7D>774=!778G7<7U>74/77!R7F77d777>7EG7@E;A77R77>77i7C 7;DiD!7R77>77;"7D78/7-7!7=7G77>7E$7<7U=7D77787 !77K
AR77Q77C ;Q7G77 G7!7A77=7 J77F7<7U7QR77 @7C 7 7!7F7478J7=!77G7D <7DUF77C A77=7D [778$7777>7>774><7U78=7<7U [778=7>77@ 7857,=7D AR77_7;D 577G7!774Q77 /7777 =7; 78Q7G?D 77787 >7757778A7<7U 77787$77;7C78;<7ULaR77G7H>778:7<7U!7=7G7G7>7FR77>7!7D:7!7D:7VR77dR774>77i7CR77D:R7!77:77E<7U78$7<7U78!7F77CA77=7D57D78F7G77D!7><7U7CR774G77C=R774QR77:7;A7DQ7778>7^74=7@7DG7=7=!774G77C>77;74$77C=7<7DUF7777?D
[7=R7D<7U>74><7U=77C=7A7H78!7<7U[777F77CQ7D>7577&77G7<7DUF7D7778?A7D[7=R7D<7U>74><7U=77CQ77C7F7J&7=77A77C<7U78757=7777787[7=77C<7U74Q77!777;@$7!7=7D 577G7!77C$7;7C;;Q7G77!77K!7=7D777877$77[7<7U7;D$77;7C78;<7U78;=R77:7;A777E7<7U;=7D#77D0<7XR77=7 >74><7U=77C 7R79<7X=7=77!77@7C 7G79<7EUF77C=7 77787 <7U7R7$77CF777D *<7U787=7 <7DUF7DF77 77?D77787>74><7U=77CQ7D>7a<7U;7?D<7U7R77Q7D!77G7<7U;R77>77i7C>757778!7a77?D57D78F7G77D!7><7U7CR774Q77CA77@E<7U;R77Q77La7C<7U7DG7*<7U=<7Ua@7?;777?D 1''05:'4,'=';'A77@E?7C57D78F7G77D!7><7U7CR774QR7778>7^74=77Q77778!7/77AR7 7d<7U77?D<7U7;7d17D78J7R7740A77C!7G7757&R7DA77@E?D 579"R7 <7.Uc ?7D=7D A77@EQ77 7R77D:7 $77EQ77 G77$7 <7U;R77>77i7C 77787 J77,7Q77 A7G57 >79F7/7<7U;R77>77i7C*"77Z77G7=R774:7G77Q77C>794@;=77!77K78!7R77>77i7C<7DUF77A77=77>7D577G7!77C<7U=77CQR777$77dR77=7A77@EG7D?577C[7<7Ud?7D=7D78A7#7D77G75777>77F7778!77UF7<7U;=7D57D78F7G77D!7><7U7CG7D7>77R79<7X=77C!77@<7DUF77<7U7CA77@E57&R7D*<7U:7?G7J77J77>7=7DAR77579,D=7D<7U7R7577G7!77C78G7R74777=7<7DUF7DA77=7D7GR7#77=7D777FR7778G7R74777J77?D;7>7=7D7778@!77>77CF77D<7U?!77577G77=77DU;7U7;<7UO$7<7U=7G77?7C7G79/7!77=7EG7=77D78$7<7U=77D<7U7C77+>777787>7ER7[7<7U7$7 !77;7 7=77munotes.in
Page 37
77787#7407C?7C>!7=7QR77?7=774G77C=7R77;<7DUF77CA77+$7<7U=7G77?7C =7;7C?7C=77D7$77 7dG774J7YF778!7<7U7;78<74U!7778G7;7C77<7UO$7<7U=77D5?7EG7=77DA77@EQ77>77H@7<7U;=77D=R774G77C7>7774@7A7<7DUF77<7U7C77A77;77 77787 ;7D:778!77R77C 57R7778@=7 !7H7778G7<7U 77G77579,D 7778@!77>77C 5777>77G7D 7>77 78G7<7U7<7U7KF77<7U7C77A77;78<74U!77;7D:7;7A77@E<7DUFR77579,D@E;?7D=7D77787A77@E<7UOG77$77C>757>R77>77D078!7F77CA77=7D577>7D577;7C<7U;R77Q77>7;7!7<7DUF77G7>7FR77>77$7778>#7=77C=7A77@E<7U;7D$7<7XR777?DR77F7dA77@E>77:7;7C577>7D577;7C577H<7U778!7?7;7778707.:7;;74:77$77C>74J7478&7=777?D<7U7;7R7D#7DA77D"77C57A77>=77>7=7D=7>7DQ7 J77:7<7U75774QR77 >7/77D!7=77F7Q77C A77@E !R777<7U 77?D 77787 F77:7!707CQ77 *<7U 778!7/77AR7 /77:7577G7F77CA77=7DJ77:7DQ77CA77@EA77!7A778G7<7U #7Dd77787!R777<7U77?D:77!7757&R7DJ77:7DQ77A77@E:77;?7*<7U=7;[7579"778<74U!77=R77G7DG7D57F7DF77=R77Q77<7U757:77;78<74U!77A7!7,Q77*"77@7G77=7D!777>7=77D777875?7EG7Q7=77D>7579@7R77=77CF7>7!77=757?W!77Q7778<74U!77!R7!778>#7=7!R7<7X=77C7>7=77D77787>7579@7R77=77CF7J7?9=7D<7UF77D:7J77:7DQR77R7$7>!77C=7D>77i7CA77@E?7*<7U7778;?7R7>775777787[7/77!77C77R777?D!7=77D577=77CQR77>7977C<7U=7D>77i7C77!7$R7<7U77?D7>7D>757A7F7DA77=7DJ77:7A77@E=77.07=7EG7A77@E<7U;=7DA77@E79R7 577=77C57&R7D [7!7D$7 <7U;=7D J77:774QR77 !77K7C57&R7D A77@E =R774QR77>77i7C A7!7,A7!7, *<7U G7H>78:7<7U 7d<7U77?D57D78F7G77D!77D><7U7CQ777>7778!7b77>7?7D=77<7U7C &7577Q7D77!7$R7<7U<7U7R75?7A7D78G7>7:77QR77778G7R74787=7 7d<7U74!7;78G7R7477!77K!7R77Q77[7R7=G7<7U;7D?D77?DR777#77G7D 57D78F7G77D!7><7U7CQ7DA77@EQ7D78!7$F7D77=R774QR77>74><7U=77C78!77R7<7U[7<7U7R7!77@7CLa7C<7U7DG7[778=778J7478J7=7<7U;=7D
&'7''4''''(7','=@','=';'''057D78F7G77D!7><7U7CQ7757G77D!7H7778G7<7U[7<7U7R7!77@?7<79UF77Q77C778G7!77R7=77R77_7;D=R774G77C=R774QR77!7D>dG7778>7787U<7UQ7D7:77IG7d6>7
R777D77/R77>77QR7778=7>7%R7777i757&R7D57740F7777?DR7757&R7D57D78F7G77D!7><7U7C <79UF77=77CF7 !R7777;7Q7D !77G7 <7U;=77=7 R77 77e757&7EG7 57D78F7G77D!7><7U7CQ7D *<7U577G7!7!74$7$77>77 5?7EG7 7>7F7DF74 <7U7H$7FR7 [7@78$7=7 '77F7D 77?D 77787 =R774QR77 78<7U=R7D<7U>74<7UF7G774Q7D!77G7<7DUF7D77?D@7?;7d17J7S;7CR7740J7Dd7!7;7CF7;78?!77>77CR774Q77<79UF77*<7X>7Q7D4A757D78F7G77D!7><7U7CQ77 <79UF77Q77 L78a<7U7DG7 ?7 GR7E78:7G77CQR77 7E!7I<7U07CF7 d7D<7U7!7;7CF7 !7 =7; A7!7,QR77J7Dd74QR77>7579?7457&77CF7!74$77QR77!7D:7!7D:7VR77>7579@7R774QR7757778F7<7U74QR77@;5R77G777H7Q7778;<7U!7>=7E4QR77@D!777 7D!7777C$77C>74J7478&7=777?D?D/77H:77D78F7<7ULaR77*<7Uh7!7=79,=7R77;<7U;=77=7[7=R7D<7UJ7Dd7!7;77787[7=R7D<7U"7D0f77=7 <79UF7757&R7D<7U577C=7<7U577C57R7778@=7F77D<7U/77:7 7D=77=75?7A7D !7>=7E7857,!77 #77D0f77<7U7,7>77i7C=R77>!7=7<7U0DiD!7777787G74=7;=R774G77C79KDZ775?7EG7Q7<79UF7757&R7D;7?77;7[7=R7D<7U5777E>778G7R77857=777DG7>7F77=7;7C*<7U78<74U!777G7D<7URG7!77F77C7757$7DF778<74U!77*<7U>77DF7!77F77F7<7U!7Q77=77CF7:7VR77Q77?7; 7D=77DAR77F77=R77QR77*<7U7>77#77C@7;7<7U0D@DR77Q77C:7;A77>7=7D=R77 J7@FR77=7 =R77F77 @9>7;7C !7>=7E 7857,=7D 7$77[7<7U7;D <7U7D77C?7C !R7<7X=77C <7U7D7=R77?7C !7>=79 @7C 7<7U7F77!7&77C>77i7C777FR77=77JR77=7iD!7=7G77?7C@7DG7!R7<7X=77C57&77CF7/77:77C@7;7C<7U7R757>!7O77C7778777A77C!7G7 7>7D 77787 78@F7DF77C78G7R7577!7F77C78<74U!77 >77HF77!? G7D?577CQ7 [7!77>7 <7U;=77G77 77787 ?7=7J7@F7=77G7777K,=77=777787=R774Q77C<7U&77C?7C778>=7=!77>7R77Q77[7$G7Q7\!7=7G77?7C5?7EG7Q7*<7U@7<79U,757&R7D G7D?577C<79U,757&R7D?D=7W!7577HFR7!77G774G77?7CF77:7E?7D=7D<79UF77*<7X>7Q7.A7@78777E!7GR7E78:7G77C57&77CF777?D!7>=7E4Q77C77H7Q7778;<7U77D@D!777 7D!777<7DUF77CA77=7D=R7757&R7D579"R7=!7Q7P7U7<7U7;d17DG<7U>7$7DF707!77C<7U0D77787?7; :79F77J77C>77D78078F7>7$7DF778A7><7UQ7DJ7G7F7DF7D7757F7Dd6>7R774Q77>7577!7D$7 ?7D=77D 57D78F7G77D!7><7U7CQR77 57=7D 7$77 77;47778;<7U Q7778;77QR77 78!7>=7=7 >7757778A7<7U 77787munotes.in
Page 38
A77@EQR77 78P7UR77<7UF77774G77C !7DKFR77G74=7; R77 !R7!7?7;74G77C <79UF77 7>7D 5?7=77=7 $7>7D 77787 ?7;R774>77;"R77*<7U74<7U74Q77C77H7Q7778;<7U@D!777 7D!777<79UF77Q77C57EF7/7E=7J77A7E77?D7;4=79=7D#77CF7579,;78?!77>77C=R77Q778i<7U777C>77577GR7!R7777;<7U;=77=777787*<7U7J7Dd7!7OG7@9>7%R77J7Dd7!7;A77=7G77?7C=77$77[7<7U7;D<79UF7778;4:7R77>7!77MG777;>7;>74J74&77QR77!R7!7>#7D57&R7D$7DA77;7C7>7F7DFR77J7Dd74G777$7777H7Q7778;<7U577F7!7>=79_7;DA77D0=7D<79UF77P7U57=R774QR77A77C!7G77=77CF7>7!7J77J77)57&R7D<7UF774Q7D77<7UF7G7 70!7=77=7 /7Dd 57DA7!77G77C>7577;4/7<7UF77[7@$7G7&77857<7U78P7UR77<7UF777 G77=7D!77<7U>757E?77787!R7<7X=77)Q77C78>#7=77C !R7777;7QR77>74&77C =R77@7C =7D <7U7R7 <7U;=7D R77>74J74&77CQ77C =777>777C >74J7478&7=7 >74><7U=77C=77CF7 J77H78^<7U >74J74&774$77C>74J7478&7=77>7F7DFR77=R77QR77>747EE77#777787>77&7G7>7757h77CQ77C=777>777C<7U;7D?D<7U7R7<79UF7757&7D?7D=77>7=7D E'3,'='-&','='+'3''57D78F7G77D!7><7U7CQR77 L78a<7U7DG77!7; 7>74"R7 <7U7;77!7OG7 d7C<7U7 '77F77C 77?D =R77QR77 78>7^74=77F777>7/R778>7^74=7577G7F7DA77=7DAR77=7>7!7[7<7U7;QR77!77:779<7U7CG777R79<7X=7=7DQR77>77DR77<7UF7G77457&R7D<7U577C <7DUF7D A77=7D =7;7C?7C =R774G77C >74><7U=77CQ7D 7G79<7EUF77C=7 57?W!7 >77478:7=7FR77579,D 57D78F7G77D!7><7U7CQ77L78a<7U7DG7"7E7[7/77!77Ci;F7777?D57D78F7G77D!7><7U7CR774Q7D>7!77=778Q7;>#77R77CR77D:7@7G75?7A7D=R774G77C577G7!7$77>77=77CF7>74$77D&7G77QR77!R7>=7;7G77C=77C_7;=7;>74><7U=77C78!77R77CQ7D!R77B<7X=778G7i7G79/7!7>757A7EG7 7DR77Q77=R774G77C[7R7=G7<7DUF7777?D
''+ +4#'2,'>6''=9'<' 7';.07B<7XF77UJ7S7+G7?778J7Sd7C$7>7757778A7<7U577G7!7!74$7$77>77?7D=77=R774G77C?0G77778778;!?>7R774QR7774=7:7=7<7.U78J7SA7R7D#7D577G7!7!74$7$77>77Q77F77/R77>7<7DUF770;"77C57QR77<7U7R77Q77=R747QR77!7;"7E7[7/77!7?7D=7774@577G7J7Dd7778777d1D78F7R7757&R7D=R774G77C7D7<7U7R7<7DUF7D7>7D7>7F7D=7;7C7D7<7U7R77^=77C_7;D7/R77>7<7U;R777D77!7D:7!7D:7VR77>74><7U=77)Q77=79F7G77=57<7U7/R77>7<7U;R7757&R7D=R774G77778&7<7U;>7?7D=770;"77C57QR77<7U7R7757&7EG7777F77C>74<7UF7G77>77&7EG7=R774G77C>7577A77Q77>757=77DF7;7"7R77>77e7C >774><7U78=7<7U !R7!7>#77 <7U$77 [7<7U7;D <7U7R7 <7U;=77=7 ?D @$778!7R77Q77 [7R7=G7 <7DUF7774@577G7 77R7F70>7
?D =R77Q7D 79>=7<7U 77?D R77_7;D ]7DUQ7 =79F7G77=57<7U >7577A77$77>778J7S78d$7577G7!7!74$7$77>77Q77577:7i;F77J7S7+G7G7DJ7%R77Q7$7H7787<7U7@74!7;777F77=77J777857,78!7F7777787=R7757&R7DR7978G7!?78>7d7C777U<7DU7d7+G7 78>70G77C 78$7<7U7:77D77<7X>77U0 <7DU;7D77787@78777778]7U<7U7R774Q77>7577!7D$777?D
+:'7'''''('@','=';'8
>77F7777>7EG7J7S7+G7G7D>7757778A7<7U>74;Q7G7DQ77C>74<7UF7G77!777;F77C>74;Q7G7DQR77<7UF7G7D579,D=R774G77=R774QR77=79F7G77=57<7ULa7C<7U7DG7=7R77;<7U;7D$7<7XR7'77F7D?D=R774Q7D=79F7G77=57<7U 7d<7U?7D=7D=R774QR7757=7D>74;Q7G77?7C!R7<7X=77C57&77CF77;>7;>74J74&774G77C=7R77;?7D=7D77787>!7=74777D778>=7W!77=77>7F7DFR77!R7<7X=77C>!7=74777D=R774QR77/7E7857<7U7J7A77!7=77>7=77=7 =R77[75777DG77R7<7U G7778R7<7U777787"7F7G77R7<7U?D/7E7857<7U7G7 7D77%R77<7UF77<7U7;74Q77C7!77G7<7U;=77G77d<7U757&77CF7>74J74&774Q7D>74Q778G778T7=7<7U;=77=7munotes.in
Page 39
>79O!77=77CQR77<7U7,7=7=R774G77C>74><7U=77C?7$7J@!777;F777>7F77=7;7C=R774QR77G74=7;QR77<7U7;<7U7C@73=7=R774G77C?7C>74<7UF7G77G77<7U7;F77C=R774Q777>7778!7b77>7?7D=77<7U7C>74><7U=77C?7C*<7U757E=7>74<7UF7G7777?D*"77Z77>7577A77=77CF757EFR7D7778778G7<7U778G778;7F77CA77+$7<7U=7G77?7C=75?7EG7>74><7U=77CQ7D$77>77$7<7XR7?7D=7D>7577A77=77CF7!R7<7X=77CG77>74 778d=7<7U;77;7C>7757778A7<7U;Q7G7777787=7W!7DR774Q777/R77>7<7U;R77>7=R774G77C[77&77GR778@F7D77787>7757778A7<7U/7E7857<7U7!7>74;Q7G7D=7>7!7Q7774=778;<7U>74J74&774Q77>7577!7D$77>7=77D;(07B<7XF77U J7S7+G7 R774G77C >7757778A7<7U >74Q7G77 7G79/7!77G79>77; 77=7 77787 [7=R77 577G7F77C =R774G77C!7HQ7778;<7UQ7Q7778Q778<7U=>7<7UJ7G7!7R77>77i7C>7757778A7<7U;Q7G77?7$7J@!7D:7VR77[7<7U7;D!7!777;F77J7%R77Q7F77D<7U74>77i7C>7757778A7<7U;Q7G7DQ77!77>=7!77$77C<7U7?7C>74J74&7G77?7C7;4=79J7S7+G7>7757778A7<7U;Q7G7DF77 !7778>=778!7<7U=77 577G7=7 7>7D @7 78!778$7a >74;Q7G7DQ77C 77D,"7 7d!7R77>77i7C =R774G77C>7579c<7U7iQR77*<7U78!778$7a>7579c7C<7U!7Q7Q7F7F7D=R77F77>7577G7[7A77=77)Q7D=7;<7U!7Q7>7770=77CF7AR77>7 >7577G7 ;Q7G77 7>7DF7 A7D7D <7UOG7 7>7D 5?dF7D A77+ $7<7U=7D <7U7C [7A77=77CQ7D >74;Q7G77 ?D!7H78$7df777?D7$77 [7<7U7;D R77 >7757778A7<7U >74;Q7G774Q77C =7W!7D >757A7EG7 7DR77>77i7C !7D:7!7D:7,DR77 >7577A774QR77>74;Q7G774Q77C=79F7G77<7U;R77>77i7C<7U7?7C>7757778A7<7U>74;Q7G775?7EG778!7F777[7D57 78!7G77D@7CG77=7D Q79F7=7/77+7#7!77J7?7C7R774G7777?E$7<7U=77D
.'!'(D;'.'''&;''''('@','=';'''07778;?7R777D ;D07B<7XF77J7S7+G7QR77>7757778A7<7U>74;Q7G7DQ7D>7a7C<7U;7?D<7U7R778!7Q77;7=7 7D=7D=R774Q77 7>77 78!7b77>7 ?7D=77 <7U7C >74><7U=77CQ7D <7U7R7 ?D >7577A7757&R7D >757=77DF7 ;7"77D !7 R7778$7!77R7!7HR77B<7X=7<7U:7;A777E7<7UOG7>7577&77G7[77=7<7U;7D?D77?D=R774Q7778>7^74=7>7.78cR7>77L$R77!7;77&7778;=7?7D=77 >74;Q7G774QR77:7;A777E7<7U;77%R7778P7UR774Q77=7D>74@/7@D=77=777787>74;Q7G7DQ7D>77=7=R7>77778A7<7UA77C!7G77QR77[778P7UR7D!7;77&7778;<7U77?D>7579@7R77QR77>7757778A7<7UA77C!7G77Q77C!R77"R77>7757778A7<7U >74;Q7G7DQ7D <7U7R7 5?7EG7 <7DUF77C A77=7D :79G?D:77;7C78<74U!77@7UG778!7&77CQ7D <7U7R7 ?D >747E777D>7757778A7<7UA77C!7G77=77C*<7U/7E7857<7U7J7A77!7F77CA7777;D*<7U<7U7R77>7=7D777875?7EG7Q7>74;Q7G7DQ7D>77=7=R778d<7U!7EG7iD!7R77=7=7DR77D:7@7G7@D=7DR77 La7C<7U7DG77Q77 7#7 7>77 77?D <7U7C >7757778A7<7U !R7!7>#7D=7 *<7U [7<7U7;Q7D *D<7XR7 77?D AR77F77[7<7U7R77=57<7U*<7U=775?7EG7>74J77D&7F7DA77+$7<7U=7D7777R77>77$7778>#7=77C=7778;/77787=7<7UOG7$7<7U=77D=R77=7!R7!7>#7D57&77CF7>7!7 7d<7U7457&R7D<7U7R7<7U;=77G77*<7U787=777D79;D>7D>77574A7>R778<74U!7774=7:7=7>79>74:7=7=777>7=7D=R77^D<7U7D7=77?7C>74 777>7=74G77?7C778T75777>d1D78F7R77=77CF77778@!77>77)Q77C@7?7D@D+G7;.07B<7XF77UJ7S7+G7G7D>7757778A7<7U>7;Q7G7DQ77C>74<7UF7G7757740F77C=R774G77C?D>77478:7=7F7D<7U7C7778@!77>77C>7579@7R7?D7G7D<7U[774=77457&R7D78!7/77:7F7D:7DF7D77?D=77778779O7?D*<7U778!778$7a[7@D$77$77CA77D0F7D:7DF7D77?D=7*<7U7>7D5?7E$7<7U=7D<7U7C?D>7757778A7<7U;Q7G7D=757?W!77Q7D579F7/7E=7*<7U<7U?7D=7D77>d1D78F7R7G77778@!77>77C457&R7D!7:77F77F7705?7EG777D,"7F7DA77=7DF770Q77C74=7:7=7;Q7G77?7C7$77C77?D<7U7C[7=R7D<7UA77777FR777=G77C>7?77787=R774QR77F7?7G7579F774>7?J7G7F7DFR77778;!77;7457&R7D78!7/777:7F7DF77?7D=77F770Q7D778>=7=!7>7=7=778d<7EUG77>7=7D<7U7;7A79GR77F77D<7U74QR7757=R7EG74=7;G7!77CG7A7G57'77F7DFR77J77F7<7U74Q77F77057&R7D[7!7D$7?7D=77Dmunotes.in
Page 40
7$77[7<7U7;D >7757778A7<7U>74;Q7G7DQR77778>=7=!77>77i7C>7757778A7<7U:7d7Q7D>77=7=R778d<7EUG7;7?7D?7*<7U57?W!77E7 7d<7U77?D77787>74;Q7G7DQ7D?D>77=7=R7>7757778A7<7UA77C!7G77QR77[778P7UR7D_7;D;7"7F7DA77=7D
'('7''40'3.'%9'%''''('@','=';'''0;07B<7XF77U J7S7+G7Q7D &R7DR7 5?7A7D 78!7G77D@7C >74J74&774Q7D $77>77CR7 77<7UF7G7 <7U;7D 0"7757 77787>7.>7;QR7777i7D77iJ7S7+G7Q7D579"R778Ya?D>7757778A7<7U>79!R7!7>#77;7"77D?7D=7D=R774G77C7G7D<7U>74>#774G77C7857,EG7J7G7F7DF77>7577A7>757A7EG7 7D=7F77A77D=R774QR77<7U7R77QR77La7CG7D>757A7E$7<7U=77D<7U7R7757=77=R77Q7D<7U7R7?7C>7757778A7<7U>79!R7!7>#7778d<7U!7EG7iD!7R77>77i7C<7DUF7DF77C/7E7857<7U7?7D=77C;07B<7XF77UJ7S7+G7R774G77F7:G77QR77>74J74&774QR77579,7$77C*<7U:74/77C;78!7;7D&77/77>778@>7EG7R7D=77DG7!7;7777FR777=G77CQR77<79UdE4J77Q77/77:7G7>7F77=7;7C=77D=R774QR7777>7EG77E777D!7D:7,7G7>7=77D*"77@7C7=G77C78=7QR777=77CQR77<79Ud49J77=77CF7*<7U/77:7J7G7E$7<7U=7G77?7C7778778=7Q77!778=7QR77<79Ud94J77=77CF7F77D<7U74Q77 78=7Q77 77787 579F77457&R7D ;>7 77?D ?7 78!7;7D&77/77>7 @7DG7 <79Ud94J77457&77CF7 >74 777>77i7C7E!778>#7=77C=7R77;<7U;=77D>7577A77F77>7?A7=7DG7D<7U7R7<7U;=77R77!7DR77>77i7C?7>74 77>77D078!7R77>77i7C*<7U>74>#777>77D77!7$R7<7U77?D>757E?7=7A7D>7=R777?D=7D:7d7457&R7D>7=R777?DAR77[75777D7=77C777877=G77CQR77<79Ud94J77=77CF7>74/77!R7>74 77>77D078!7F77A77+$7<7U=77D >7DQ7A7577=77C77787<79U,7=77CF7>74 77@D"77CF7>77D0!7F77A777D$7<7XR777?D77787=77D78!7G77D@7^=77CG7D>77D078!7F77A77+$7<7U=77DR774Q7D >7757778A7<7U <7U7R7 >7a 77?D >7757778A7<7U 7;47;7 *<7U7 787K7C<7U0EG7 @9>7%R77 787K7C7R7M=777D?7DQ7!7F77CA77=7DR77Q77778;7757>7757778A7<7U!7=7G77Q77C*<7U78G778T7=77778778>#7;!R7!7>#7778G75777<7U;R77>7 57@=7 ?7D=7D 5?7EG7 J7S7+G7 7>77 =7<7U <7U;=77D <7U7C G77=7D>74J74&77=7 78!778$7a 78>#7=77C=77>7F7DFR77 F77D<7U74&77CF7 >74;Q7G77=57<7U >74J74&77579,D 78?=7>74J74&7778!77R77C >74 77 ?7D=77D 7$77 >74 777579,D>7577A77QR7778>#7;=7D>7&77D<7U778G75777?7D+$7<7U=77D=7#77787 7$77[7<7U7;QR77F77D<7U7457&R7D78!778!7&77E778!7G77D@7_7;D ?7C >757>R77 >77D078!7F77C A77=7D A7D!?7 >74 77 78>#7;=7D>7 &77D<7U7 @$778!7=77D =7D!?778!7;7D&7<7U7457&R7D57&R7>#77C<7U;R77>77i7C77787>7757778A7<7U*D<7XR778d<7U!7R77>77i7C>7757778A7<7U>74>#7778!7<7U78>7=7<7DUF77CA77=7D
'('6'''&''-'','>''4*'&'.'&'';'4-''31'?7C*<7UG77=7@7;7C77?DAR7757&R7DF77D<7U>74"R77@7DG7>7757778A7<7U78!7/77:77457&R7D78!7/77:7F77C:7DF77CA77=7D;07B<7XF77U J7S7+G7G7DD 7>77 R797B<7X=7!77@ <7DUF77 <7U7C 7G79577G77=57<7U 78=7?7>7 78<74U!77 [7>7;7 ?D>7577&77G7G7<7U7;<7U>7a7C<7U;7@D=7G77?7C777875?7EG7J7S7+G7>74;Q7G7DQR77=79F7G7D<7U0D!7,F7D=R774G77C77>d1D78F7R77=7FR77 <7U7?7C *<7U7<7U74Q77C =777>777C <7DUF77C 77787 J7%R77Q7 78!7F77R7=77C 78!7F777 <7U7?7C778d1G7DG7F7 =7;7R774Q7DG77!77>7F7DFR7757Dd1D78F7R7G7Q77C[7<7U;7D77K,F77C79KD7>7D77K,EG777F7D<7U7C7G7D<7U>74 7dG77@D"77CF77R774QR77G77!77!7!7;77?D=7;D07B<7XF77U J7S7+G7G7D 579, 78!7Q77;74Q77C 74=7La7C 7857,!7R77>77i7C :7N0 <7U7!7,7 =7; 7>7/R7:77Da7CQR77<7U#774Q7D78!7$F7D77<7DUF7D[77R774QR77[7A77=77C57&77CF7>7577G7=77777877U;<7U74Q7D/77774=7;57H77C77787>74 77 *<7U=777778778!7;7D&77QR77La7CG7D<7DUF7DA77=7D@9>7%R77$7J@74=7 577G7!77CA77C!7G77>77;"R77munotes.in
Page 41
>7757778A7<7U>74J74&77QR77J77J7=77C=7[7777CA77C!7G77Q7DA7:7@$778!7F7DA77=7D:7O0J77A777787<7U7!7VR774Q77CQ77D;7C78!7;7D&77Q77C=7;@7?;7D5?7A7DJF7<7U<7U7D<7U7dE78!7N^J7G7757=7;<7U7D<7U7dE 78!7N^A74:7F77C<7U7D<7UdE <7U78F77U7D78G7R7757&R7D 77>d17C57 78!7N^ 07+G7>d17C57 77787 =7; =7D >7!7 *<7X>77D:7577H>7577DR7DA77C=7 $77C >74J7478&7=7 77?D=7 5?7EG7 J77+G7 R774G77C 7>77 78G7<7U7 <7U7KF77 <7U7C 77>d1D78F7R77 57DF7DG7D78$7R77 78<74U!77 757D78;<7DU=7 A7D <7U7?7C 77?D =7D#7D 7$77 78!7;7D&77/77>77C 78!7!77?>7 >7577A774Q77C>7757778A7<7U;Q7G7777?D
'%0&''7'9'4E''+'36','=&','='%#;D07B<7XF77UJ7S7+G7G7Dd7DdD7857'757777877E!7A774QR7777>7G7DQ77C!R77"R7757=77E!7A778<74U!777E!7A774Q77C78<74U!77<79U,74Q77C77>7G775?7EG7<7DUF77C/77DA7G7777877DR77E!7A774G77777<7DUF7DA77=7D A7D>7?>77*"77Z777E!7A774>77DJ7=7A7D!77>7757778R7<7U<7DUFR77Q77C<7UF7G777>7=7D7E!7A774QR7777>7G7DQ7D7G79i7G777>7<7U777877E!7A7R774QR77Q77!7F74J7EG7;7?R77Q77C/77!7G77@D"77CF7[778=778J7478J7=7<7U;=7DA77D=R77F77579F7D @DF7!7 =R77Q7D <7UFR777 <7U;DF7 77$77C!77@ 77787 77A77;77 @DF7 !R7<7X=77C>77i7C =R774Q77C[77#77857<7U<7U=7!R7D?7C=R77QR77!74$77>74J7478&7=77>7=77=7R7757&R7D77=77<7DU!7,78A7!74=7>7@>R774Q77C<7U=7!R7D77?D=77;4=79AR774Q7757=R7E'77F7777?D77787A7D7Z777A7G57F7F7DG77?7C=7=R774QR77<7U=7!R77Q77@D"77CF7>7577!7D$7 77?D R77 <7U=7!R77Q77C 7457F7J7A77!777C <7U;=77 =77D !74$7A7 /7E=7<7U7, !7=7577G7 77787/778!7R7<7U7,R774QR77A778dF7!R7!7>#7D_7;D78G7R74787=777787[7D78;=77>7=77D>74><7U7;74Q7D>7757778A7<7U<7U7R7>7a?7D=7D<7U7C>7757778A7<7U*D<7XR77!7F74J7EG77>7F7DFR77/77!7G774G7779a7C<7U;7 G79=7G77C<7U;777787J7,<7Ud7C78@F77CA77=7D=R774G77C&7577QR77>7757778A7<7U<7U7R77J7YF7*<7U!R777<7U>7H^7478=7<7U78!7&77G7@D"77CF7<7DUF7D5?7A7DQ7J7S7+G7R774G77C>7757778A7<7U>79!R7!7>#7778G75777<7U;R77>77i7C77787=R77Q7D>74;77<7U;R77>77i7C=R774Q7DR77D:7@7G778@F7D;07B<7XF77UJ7S7+G7QR77>7757778A7<7U>74;Q7G7DQ7D77787<7U7R77Q7D78!7$F7D77577G7!77CA77C!7G77=77CF7>74>#7777787 7$77 [7<7U7;QR77 =7; >74>#77 >7577A77Q7D >74;77 77787 79G7N=77@G7757&R7D AR77 /797857<7U778G7/77!7=77=7=R77/7E7857<7DU>77i7C577G7!7!7$7$77>77CR7778;777F7779G778G7@D$77C=7<7U;=7DR7
&'46''37''4'.,'='3'''('+4#'2,'>6''=9'<' 7';''%:;''-''36'-')6'7''57D78F7G77D!7><7U7C R774G77C !7HR77B<7X=7<7U :7;A7D!7; /7; 78@F77 =7; ;07B<7XF77U J7S7+G7 R774G77C >757778A7<7U*<7U787<7U;777787*<7U7C<7U;77>77i7C78!7$7D7=7=R77Q77C:7;A7R77>7757778A7<7U;Q7G7DQR77>74@/77=7 7dG77>7a <7DUF77C 57D78F7G77D!7><7U7C R774QR77>77i7C >74><7U=77C ?D *<7U >77&7G7 ?7D=7D AR77_7;D 577G7!77C :7;A7/77:778!7F77CA77=77>7DJ7S7+G7?D!7HR77B<7X=7<7U<7U7R7<7U;R77*D!7A77C>7757778A7<7U<7U7R77!7;778&7<7U/7;@D=77=757D78F7G77D!7><7U7CR774Q77C7&R7R7G77^=77C78!7>=7=77D7<7U7R77!7;77&7778;=7?7D=77C=7;;07B<7XF77UJ7S7+G7R774Q7778!778!7&7>74><7U=77C77787>7577A77QR77=79F7G77=57<7U7/R77>77!7;78!7b77>7?7D=7757D78F7G77D!7><7U7C77787;D07B<7XF77UJ7S7+G7R77@7D 774QR77>79;!77=77CQR77F7D"7G7757&R7DJ7;DQ7>775R7?7D=7D<7U7;7 =7D @7D 7D?7C 0;"77C57QR77 [7/77!77"77F77C ?7D=7D 7;4=79 G74=7;57D78F7G77D!7><7U7C 0;"77C57QR77[7/77!7777>7EG7@E;'77F7D=7;;07B<7XF77UJ7S7+G7@9788"77857R7G77;47;DF77*<7U78G7j;778?F7Dmunotes.in
Page 42
.''+'%'78!7>77!R77$7=7<7U7QR77W7;7&77=7577G7!7!74$7$77>77=7*D78=7?778>7<7U78!778$7a=77?7[7J7,<7UF77>7F7DF77L78a<7U7DG7?7D=77*D78=7?778>7<7U=7774Q7D*<7UR7$75?7A7D577G7!7!74$7$77>77=7EG7!74$7!77@!7:7,77R77=7=R774G77 R7$7 77F7D *<7U7D787>77!R77 $7=7<7U7=77CF7 =P7U7478=7!77Z774G77C >74><7U=77C=7 `7Dj 77787 78G7<7Ua`7D77C57&R7D!7:773<7U;7<7UOG7>774><7U78=7<7U>7577G7=77777877U;<7U>7a<7DUF77*D78=7?778>7<7U=7774G77C?D@$778!7F7D <7U7C ?7C &77;77 779%R77 79;7!R77!7; 77&7778;=7 77?D 77787 7>77 @7!77 <7DUF77 77?D <7U7C>74$77D&7<7U74QR77579FR77QR7778G77R77_7;D>757E?74G7778<74U!77>74><7U=77CG77>#77G778@F7DA77+$7<7U=7G77?7C>74><7U=77CQ7D 7Q7E<7U !77G7 =7R77; <7U;R77>77i7C @7C 7<7U7F77CG7 :7?G7 7D7 <7U7R77Q77C 77!7$R7<7U=77@$778!7R77>7*D78=7?778>7<7U=7A7@D"77CF7A7J77J7@7;?7D=7D=7D<7U;R77Q77*<7U57?W!77Q77/77:75?7A7DAR77>757E?7Q777/R77>7<7DUF77A7777;77?D=R77Q77C/777778$7<7U7D?7DR7J77D77>7R774G77C>774><7U=77C<7U78/7-7=7DQ77C 7077D[7Q740A778dF7=77R77!7;A77D;78@F7777787<7U@778Q7=7R77A778dF7=7D579,DQ7>77!7787<7U<7U7R7@D =7R77; <7U;7D ?D 7<7U7F77CQ7 77?D 7>77 =R774G77 78!7b77>7 ?7D=77 =R774G77 !77dF7D <7U7C AR77>7577A77=7=7D78@>7EF77:7F7D=R77>74@/77=7*<7UQ7>774><7U78=7<7U!7H78$7df774Q777/R77>7<7DUF777778?A7D
57&R7D J77D77>7 R774G77C 577G7!7!74$7$77>77=77CF7 =79F7G77=57<7U 7/R77>77^=77CQ77C 57R77@7 R7778!77R77!7;*<7UF7D"7[7<7U778$7=7<7DUF77=R77=7=R774G77C7>7D>77478:7=7F7D77?D<7U7C577G7!7!74$7$77>7774G77C77%R7757778?=77CQR7777&77;D78>7^74=778!7<7U78>7=7<7U;R77=7<7U577C!7D, 77F7!7F777778?A7D=R77*D!7A77C=R774G77C >74><7U=77C 7@$R7 ?7DR777E!773 $7<7XR7 78=7=7<7XR77 F7!7<7U; $7<7XR7 78=7=7<7DU =7#R7 >74<7U78F7=7<7U;R77>77i7C=R774Q77C$7<7X=77C>75787=7<7DUF77C7778?A7D7;@D$77C>74>#774$77C>747<7U>77&7FR77G74=7;=R77G77C7>7De75777D>77478:7=7F7D<7U7C!7H&R77#7F77!77D$7<7XR777?D77787<7DU!7,=7#R7:77D,7<7DUFR77!7;Q778>7^74=7[7>#77787=7?7D=77=7J77D77>7R774G777$77C77D77?7D=77C<7U7C A7;[7Q740[757777=7=7#R7:77D,7<7DUF77C =7; >774><7U78=7<7U78/7-7=7DQ7D 78G7R757G7 <7U;77;D <7U7R7@D >!7=7 57778?=77CQR7757778>7<7U7=7EG7 =7R77;?7D=77CF7=R774G77CAR777^=77CG7D?D>77478:7=7F7D77?D=R77G79>77;78!777G77Q7D>77;5?7A7D>7!777D774!7;778!7b77>7 eD!77D 77787 <7DU!7, =7#R77!7; 7!7F74J7EG7 7>77D 7;4=79 7=R74=7 778;`7577E!7<7U78G7;7C7<7U7_7;DG77.@!7F77C:7DF7DF77C=7#R7D=R77!R7<7X=77CF7757?W!77Q7D<7U7R7!77d=7D?D[778=778J7478J7=7<7U;=77=7<7U7?7C[77#77857<7U78>7^74=7778$7!77R7 <7U7R777D787=7<7U;7!7DR7778!77R77C<7UF7G77G7<7U;=7757778?=77C:77D,7<7U;7D78G7;#7<7U77?D<7U7;7>7!77=757?W!77QR77:77Da7)<7U0D@9F77<7DUF7DA77+$7<7U=7D=7;7>74J74^:77Da7CG77.@!7FR77A77+$7<7U=77=7J77D77>7R774Q7D7E!773QR77227757Q7D7;78>7^74=77!7;d7C<7U7<7U;7DR77D:R7 ?7D=7D 7;4=79 7>74"R7 >#7778G7<7U F7=77$77CF774>7? 7>7F7DFR77 =R774QR77 Q7Q7I579,D 7>77 78!7b77>7!77KF7777?D<7U7C577G7!7!74$7$77>7774QR7757=7D>74><7U=77C=7F7D[7579"7J7@F7>7a<7U;7D$7<7XR777?D[7<7U7R7!77@R79;7D757&R7D =P7U74=77C78!7;7D&77C [778=778P7UR77 757D78;<7DU[75777D G77df757R7 G7!?=77C 7;4=79
QR77@$7<7U7=7 [7>7;77!77@7C 77787 [7<7U7R7!77@7C 5?7EG7 77D,"7F7D A7777;D 78!7Q77;!74=7 R774QR77=7 >7a78!7/77:777C \!7F77C >7757778A7<7U 78!777G77=77CF7 [7<7U7R77=57<7U >774><7U78=7<7U !R7!7>#77 78d<7U!7EG7iD!7R77>77i7C>74><7U=77CQ7778<74U!77>7757778A7<7UA77C!7G77Q77<7U7?7C/77:774Q77<7U7R77HF7E$77D&7=77D@7DG778J7Sd7C$7577G7!7!74>7>77>77J7S7D78G7>F77D57D78F7G77D!7><7U7C
77785777#7;;D78A7G77F0;07B<7XF77UJ7S7+G7
R774QR77>74R79<7X=778!7Z7577G7D<7U7R7757=7DQR77@7DG778/7-7!7HQ7778;<7U74#7 78G75777 '77F7D 57D78F7G77D!7><7U7C R774QR77 <7U7R7757=7DQ77C 77!7W77C 7$77C :7?7C=7 &7;=7D <7U7C >7!7munotes.in
Page 43
>74><7U78=7<7U!7H78$7aR7D>7577A77=77CF7!R7<7X=77CQR77:7;A77/77:7!7=77=75?7A7DQ7=7D:7d7QR77>7@>R774Q77C<7U7?7C 57EF7/7E=7 78<74U!77 !R79=7-7 :7;A77E7 <7U;=77=7 57EF7/7E=7 :7;A77457&R7D 77D77 79G7N=77@G7 $77;7C78;<7U77;757 >79;77 78!7`774=77C ?7F7Q77F77C77787!77KR774Q77>7577!7D$777?D>74><7U=77CQ7D<7U7?7C7HF7ER7757EF7/7E=7:7;A77/77:7!7=77=777787!R7=77<7DUF7DFR77:7;A777E7<7U;=77=7AR77Q7D>7577&77G7@D"77CF7<7DUF7D7778?A7D@7?;77#7 7-77Q77C 57EF7/7E=7 :7;A7 /77:778!777;7C >74><7U=77CQ77C !7H78$7aR7D "77Z7 >74h7? 78<74U!77=77@G7757&R7D >7?<7U7R77Q77C 77!7$R7<7U=77 !77K!7=77=7 >7577A7 R77457&7EG7 ;7A7<7U7CR7 >74 7dG77 77787>7757778A7<7U 78G7R74777Q7D [7<7U7; 78!7<7U78>7=7 <7U;=77CF7 !7 AR77 77!7$R7 >7?<7U7R77Q77C ?577C @D=77CF757D78F7G77D!7><7U7CR774G77C&75777787A77@ER77>77;"R77:77Da7C<7U$77>7a<7DUFR77=R774G77C7>7D>79Q7!7F7D<7U7C 577G7!774G77C G7D?577CQ7 78G778T7=7 [757777=7 77787 778G778T7=7=7DG7D A77C!7G7 A7:7F7D 7>7FR77G7D =R774G7778>#7;=7777787>77=7=R777!7$R7<7U7>7=7D&75777787A77@E<7U7R7<7U;7C=777?D=7AR77AR77:7;A777E7 <7U;=77=7 57D78F7G77D!7><7U7CQR77 78!77;7C=7 ;07B<7XF77U
J7S7+G7 R774QR77 L78a<7U7DG77Q7D !77G7<7U;R77>77i7C !777;F77 A77=77D 78!7!77?7_7;D >74J7478&7=7 F77D<7U7457&R7D !77K77%R77 =777!77Q77 >7757G77<7U;R77>77i7C!7D:7!7D:7VR77>74>#77<7U>7D<7U7R7<7U;=77=7?D>7a<7U;R77>77i7C ;07B<7XF77UJ7S7G7R774G77C7>7D>79Q7!7F7D<7U7C>7757778A7<7U>74>#774G77C@7DG7:77Da7C7H<7U7C*<7U:77Da7C<7DUF77C77?D=7D<7U@778Q7=77$77F77D<7U74$77C>7577D;7>7577D;>74!77@>77&7R77>757G77<7U;=77=77>7D<7Ui7D;78G7R75778!7<7U78>7=7<7UO$7<7U=77=77>7DG77!77A77D@D"77CF7<7U;=77=7@7?;77#7 *"77Z775777>77F77=R77QR77>77>7E77>7EG7@E;iD!77D77!7$R7<7U7>7=7D=7D>77>7;QR77F77D<7U7457&R7D7;>7;7G77@;eD0e70<7U;R77>7@D"77CF77;!77G7:77C@D+$7<7U=77=7;07B<7XF77UJ7S7+G7G7D7>7D>79Q7!7F7D<7U7C!7D:7!7D:7VR77787Kf774QR77>77>7;QR77F77D<7U7457&77CF7@9F77?7DR77Q77C$7<7XR7=7777?D =7;=R77Q7787K7C=77CF7>77>7;QR77F77D<7U7457&R7D7G77@;!7eD0e70 ?7DR77Q77C $7<7XR7=77 77?D d7,7D 77787 eD0e70F7<7U;7D R77 @7DG?7C :77Da7C 5?7A7D!77>=778!7<7U >74 77 d7,R77>77i7C 77787 >7757778A7<7U >74;Q7G77 78d<7U!7EG7 iD!7R77=7 57@=7 <7U;77;D77?D=7757D78;<7UG7 >77>7E 78!7G77D@74579,D =777!7579<7X=77C @D"77CF7 ?7D+ $7<7U=7D 57D78F7G77D!7><7U7CQR77<7U7R7757=7D!7;577Di7777D77>7777?D<7U7C=77D>7?A777D>774><7U78=7<7U78/7-7=7D>77e7CA7J77J7@7;7CG77?7C7-77Q77C:7;A7R77>7;"R77=R77G7D77D,"7F7DFR77J7?9=7D<7U:7;A77>77!7787<7U77?D=7A7:7R77>77i7C>7!7>7577A774G77C =R774QR77$77C >7757G77 <7DUF77 7778?A7D =7#77787 A7;7C >7!7 >74>#77 7-7&77GR7757&R7D !R7>=7;7?=77=7 ?D <7U7R7<7U778;77C La7C<7U7DG7 777FR77F77 >774:7E $7<7U=7 G77?7C @9>7%R77 $7J@7=7 <7U7R77^=77C>7a7C<7U;7@D=7G77?7C<7U7C<7U7?7C78!778$7a>774><7U78=7<7UG7579GR774Q77C77!7$R7<7U=777E7<7U;R77>77i7C<7U7\!7=77=7A77C7G7D<7U!7H<7U78F7<7U$7<7XR7=774_7;D7:7@7C>7?A777D7E7<7DUF77CA77+$7<7U=7D E'3,'='-&','=&')6;'&'''7'>74;Q7G77=57<7U[7<7U7R7!77@L78a<7U7DG77Q77C*<7U577Di7C>757>R777$77C77?D<7U7C78!778$7a[7#77[7=R777=7>7757778A7<7U!R7!7>#7DQR77@D"7/77F77C>77i7C?7=7/77;F77!7R77QR777#77G7D<7U7R7$77CF777?D=7<7U7CG77?7C?D78G778T7=7<7U;7D<7Ui7C777?DA77C!7$77>77=7*"77Z77[77R77Q7D77;7D:R778<74U!77A77C!7G77>77i7C7!7R7!7@7G7<7DUF7DFR77R77D:7@7G77Q7D57EFR774<7UG7<7U7KEG7d7<7UF7DA77+$7<7U=7D7;4=79R77>7579@7R77QR77@D"7/77F77C>77i7C?D:797&757"7;7D"7;Q7R77D:7@7G7@D=777?D=7<7U7CG77?7C?D77?R77>77i7C7777*"77Z77>7577A77=7EG7>774><7U78=7<7U!7H78$7af7<7U577C<7UO$7<7U=7G77?7C?D>757A7R77>77;"7D77?D<7U7C>7577A77=77CF7<7U7?7C[7#77=7d>#778<74U!77=R77@D"7;D"77C>77i7C?778G7<7U7;<7U7>7E$7<7U=77=778$7!77R7 77777>7D577G7E$7<7U=7munotes.in
Page 44
G77?7C <7U7C >7577A77=77CF7 >7!7 ;7C78=778;!77A7 <7DU!7, =R77 <7U7;77>=7!7 <7U7R7;=7 77?D=7 <7U7;7 >7&R77>7577A7<7U7R7;=777?DA7;7C*"77@7C78!778$7a[7#77<7U7R77BG!7=777?D<7U7CG77?7C?D777777<7UF7G7<7U;R77>7>7757R77[7$G77!7;?7C>7H^7478=7<7U778/7579"7=777R7$7>!77Ce;F77C78@F7DFR77>757>R7DQ7D7U<7X=7*<7UQ7>7577&77G77>77D77!7$R7<7UG77?7C7G7D<7U>74/77!R777R777H<7U7C*<7U<7U778G7!70F7D:7DF7D?D77777Z777>7a<7DUF7D7778?A7D .'%0"'F'%''''('').-','4=(References andBibliography)•Darnell, Regna. “Historical Particularism.” In Theory in Social andCultural Anthropology: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, edited by R. JonMcGee and Richard L. Warms, 397-401.Thousand Oaks, CA:SAGE Reference, 2013.•Francisconi, Michael J. “Theoretical Anthropology.” In 21st CenturyAnthropology: A Reference Handbook, Vol. 1, edited by H. JamesBirx, 442-452. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference, 2010.•Frey, Rodney. “Historical-Particularism-as exemplified by FranzBoas (1858-1942).” University of Idaho. Accessed February 27,2015.http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~rfrey/220histpart.htm.•Graber, Robert Bates. “Social Evolution.” In 21st CenturyAnthropology: A Reference Handbook, Vol. 1, edited by H. JamesBirx, 576-585. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference, 2010.•Goldschmidt, Walter. 1966. Comparative Functionalism inAnthropological Theory. Berkeley: University of California Press.•Jarvie, I. C. 1973. Functionalism. Minneapolis: Burgess PublishingCompany.•Langness, L.L. 1987. The Study of Culture-Revised Edition. Novato,California: Chandler & Sharp Publishers, Inc.•Lesser, Alexander. 1985. Functionalism in Social Anthropology. InHistory, Evolution, andthe Concept of Culture, Selected Papers byAlexander Lesser (ed) Sidney W. Mintz. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.•Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1922. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: AnAccount of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes ofMelanesian New Guinea. New York:E.P. Dutton & Co.•Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1926. Myth in Primitive Psychology. NewYork. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.•Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1926. Crime and Custom in SavageSociety.New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, Inc.•Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1929. The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melaneisa; An Ethnographic Account of Courtship,Marriage and Family Life Among the Natives of Trobriand Islands,British New Guinea. New York: Halcyon House.munotes.in
Page 45
•Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1939. “Review of Six Essays on Culture byAlbert Blumenthal.” American Sociological Review, Vol. 4, pp. 588-592.•Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1944. A Scientific Theory of Culture andOther Essays. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.•Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1944. Freedom and Civilization. NewYork:Roy Publishers.•Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1954. Magic, Science and Religion, andOther Essays. Garden City, N.Y.:Doubleday.•Malinowski, Bronislaw. 2001. Sex and Repression in SavageSociety. New York: Routledge.•Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. 1933. The AndamenIslanders.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.•Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. and Daryll Forde, eds. 1950. African Systemsof Kinship and Marriage. London: Oxford University Press.•Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. 1952. Structure and Function in PrimitiveSociety: Essays and Addresses. London: Cohen and West.•Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. 1958. Method in Social Anthropology.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.•Turner, Jonathan. “Spencer, Herbert.” In International Encyclopediaof the Social Sciences, Vol. 8, edited by William A. Darity, 57-59.Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008.•Young, Michael W. 1991. Bronislaw Malinowski. In InternationalDictionary of Anthropologists.•Lewis Henry Morgan:https://rochester.edu/College/ANT/morgan/bio.html•http://anthrotheory.pbworks.com/w/page/29518607/Boasian%20Anthropology%3A%20•Historical%20Particularism%20and%20Cultural%20Relativism•https://www.britannica.com/science/particularism-anthropologyhttps://study.com/academy/lesson/cultural-particularism-definition-examples.htmlhttps://anthropology.ua.edu/theory/functionalismmunotes.in
Page 46
' '% 7& , ! 6 +% 8& & ' '% 7& , !& ( ' >% 7$5 0
78Yce7D!778;Q7R7!7]=77C78#7^7G778#7Z77#R77>74:77CN%7J7DG7D781<7Xc577:77;Dc577C1>74><7U=77CQ7778=7?7>7>74><7U=77C>757A7EG7"7D7D78=7?7>7>757A7EG7"7D7D077H78=7<7U777877077H78=7<7U>74><7U=77C7778778=7?7>7>77;74&7
!9>? -•>74><7U=77C77787#R77B<7X=757W#7R77J7YF7!77R707E=7J77J77C>757A7R77>778#7Z77%R77G7757@=7<7U;7D•>74><7U=77C77787#R77B<7X=757W#7>74@077=77CF7579$R778#7Q77;#74=774J7YF7A777EG7"7D7D•>74><7U=77CQ7778=7?7>7 >74<7UF!7G7777787>7577A77>77g7C=R77Q7D57?W#7A777EG7"7D7D
!$5 6 >7@;7(R7R7G7"7c<7U@7DG778#77R774#778#77R77CQ7Q77<7U;=77D!778?F77>74><7U=77C77787#R77B<7X=757W#7 577G7#7#74&7&77>7?7C,<7U757?W#77Q77C&77.7!7;4!7;777?D@9>7;778#77R7>74><7U=77C78=7?7>7G77#77Q77C>74<7UF!7G7777?D77=7777!77[7%757"7c<7UF777=7"7D-
' '% 7& , ! 6 +% 8& & >74><7U=77C 77787 #R77B<7X=757=#7 ?D 577G7>7&77>77CR7 577G7#7#74&7&77>77Q7D 57?W#7!7E7 7D7 77?D=7
QR77 @&7<7U7=7 R77 70R77>77D77Q77 757D78;<7DU=7 @R7 )77F77 7(R7R7G77Q7D ?D774=7;78#7Z77&77$77CR77D777?Dmunotes.in
Page 47
<& ,>74><7U=77C77787#R77B<7X=757W#770R77>7!7]=77C577G7#7#74&77QR777D77=7577G7>7&77>77QR77!7]=77CF77:7E<7U;=77=7>7$77DF7579F77$7=77C 07E7857<7U7!77F7G7 78#7>=7=7Q778;7D <7U7Hc9478J7<7U07E7857<7DUQ7770R77>777787>#7!G7>!7`7C<7U;7R7770R77>7!7]=77+Q77#77!7;?7D=77D77G7#7A77=77C7(R7R7G7 >7?077:77C78G7;7C77 @7C"7<7U7F77#7(77CQ777D770R77>77&777G7D<7U!7]=77C^7;7>74><7U=77C77787#R7<7X=77C57=#77Q7770R77>7778G7<7U78#7^7G774^7;7<7DUF77:7DF77
! = 0 ! : 6 ' # ,>74><7U=77C#R77B<7X=757W#770R77>7757(R7D[77579$R77G7D\7U74)7J77D7>777787P7U7D,J7;R77@7DG778#7^7G7G774QR7778#7Z77%R77MQ7D#7Q7>#7?7D=7DR7778#7Q77;(77;DQ7D[77D=7DO%7J7DG7D781<7Xc 577:77;Dc577C1 <7U7D;712J77D>7 ,1#71 >7!77C; ?7D=7D 78>7:75741 \7U7R71>77;$7D =7;78#7^7G7 77?D=7 AR774G77C 577G7#7#74&7&77>77CR7>74<7UF!7G7777787577G7>7&77>7R774Q7D78#7F77CG77C<7U;7<7U7R7@D$77CF7<7DUF7D77?D @7?;77%7c7DcD5777787cJ7E=7%7778!7 7G7D<7U577G7#7#74&7&77>777G774=R774QR77>#7=7QR777(R7R7G77D77=7@D$77CF7\7U7R71R774QR7778#7Q77;74Q77CQ77Q777C<7U;R77Q77[7R7=G7<7DUF7777787=R774G77C=7D78#7Q77;G77<7U7;F7DR777(R77R7G7"7c<7U7=7577:7;Dc577C177787N%7J7DG7D781<7XcR77@7DG757?W#7!7E778#7^7G774#7;77!77F77<7/U78b=7<7U;77;77?7D=7
3 2 -0 - !% 8>' '% 7& ,5 -0 "0 -; !& 0 -' '% 7 !& 5 - & 0 2 N%7J7DG7D781<7XcR774Q7D,<7U57?=7W#77Q7D<7U7R75?7A7D!7cG777!7U<7UFQ7;>74><7U=77CQ7D#7=7G7J74R77!79>=7<7U7=7=R777>77 R797B<7X=7#77@ <7U;=77=7 <7U7C [7=R7D<7U >74><7U=77C ,<7U7 #7H78a7<7U <7U7F77#7(77CQR77=79<7U1e77457(7EG778G7#71=7DAR77<7U7Q7#7D.7C,<7U7J7>7=77=777787,<7U78#778&7`!777=7R77;<7U;=77=77!77DF77D78G7R7G7!79,JF77D781R7G7 !7;7DG77D<7U 17DJ7E77R7F71;7778757D:77F77D5778G7R77<7U<7X#7778<7U cF778=7QR77>#7=7QR77>77D>77R7c7CG7DQ77H%77Q7778;R7=7R77;<7DUF77AR77Q77=77C#7SF77D07777877?4<7U7;R774QR77#7;<7U7Dg7D;c7C<7U7<7U;R77Q7778#77R777?D77787AR77#7<7X=77C57(R7D?D7077#777?D=77&77#R7<7X=77CQ77C7>778?79=7777?D!79>=7<7U7QR77&7D#7cQR77077:77=7=R774G77C378#7<7U=77CQR77>77!7D7=7DQ7D7G79N!7 78#7&F7D77 77787 7G79N!7=7D#7; <7Ug7D; 577:777C F77@R77QR77 577(R7577=7EG7 78#7Q7F7G77QR7778G77857=77CQ7D78#7&F7D7778@F7D77?D4 7 6 ' 0 - ! & / $(The Chrysanthemum and the Sword):?D!79>=7<7U W757F7D$7G77778757G7#7.78#777;D7>7EG7;7`27CR7Q778;770R77>77Q7D,<7U[778=7577G777?DJ7DG7D781<7Xc>77g7C A7!77G7G7D 3 QQ7 =77F757DF7 >7577A77Q7D @7?;7 gD#7F7D AR77 >7577A77=7 >74>%77>79>74:7=7!77D,<7U787=7?7D=77=777787#R77B<7X=757W#7>74><7U=77C&77CA79.=7DJ7DG7D781<7Xc=R77!7]=77CQ7D>74<7DU=7@D=77=7AR77^7;D37$741=77R7D=7D#77:779<7U7CQ7D=7!7&77CF7#7=7G7J74(77Q77@J77#7 7!7=R7>74:77D!7G7!7]=77CR77=7EG7 >7757778A7<7U >74>%77457(R7D #R7<7X=77CQ7D>7757778A7<7U >7577<7UF7G7 ?7D=7D J7DG7D781<7Xc R774G77C =R774Q7D577G7#7A77=77C!7]=77C&77>77CR757?W#77Q7D=7W#7;7$7F7D77?DR77[7<7U;77=7A7!77G777787757D78;<7DUQR7778#7#77@>!7@>74><7U=77CQ77[7<7U7&757R7>74J74(77=7777=77R7DF778?=7!7U7#7=7>!7`7C<7U;77=57<7U?7D=7D,<7U>74><7U=77CF77A7DG7DQ77F7=7D77787@9>7;7C7!7;7(77C!77D 757D78;<7DUF77&77E>757A7EG7"7DR77>77g7C78F7?F7D:7DF7DF7D!79>=7<7U>74><7U=77+QR77077#7G77=57<7U78#7077:77G7777DF7741EG778#7Z77&77$77CR77G79577G77!7F77C<7U1D=79F7G77=57<7UL`7C<7U7DG7>%7778!7=7<7U;=7Dmunotes.in
Page 48
J7DG7781<7Xc77787>74><7U=77C77787#R77B<7X=757W#770R77>77Q7D=7;>757%7<7U74G77C577G7#7#74&7&77>7774Q7DF77>774<7DU78=7<7U7%777787>774><7U78=7<7U#7H78&7ce774Q7D077#778G7<7U57?W#7R77#7;78G7@I78&7=7<7U;=77=7A7D77=77!7R7M=7 [77579$R77G7D <7U7R77=57<7U 78#7&F7D777^7;D 577G7F7D :7DF7D ?7D=7D =R77Q7 #7D.7C =R774G77C577G7>7&77>7774G77 >757A7 [7D;77 77787 78&7<7UR77QR77 >7#7 [778P7UR77457(R7D 7!778;?7R7 >774><7U78=7<7U"7c<7U7Q7D778>=7=#777D.$7R77>7[7#7W7<7DUF7D
# $-> ,577C1R77J77F7!77 !77H:7417#7>%777778778F74:7R77>77;$R7778#77R774#7;7CF77D770R77>77QR777f777C77?D=7>77DJ7=7Q7>74><7U=77C77787#R77B<7X=757W#770R77>77QR77>%77!7<7U77?D=7577C1R7777D78&778G7R77QR7778G7;7;F77D<7U74#7; 577G7>7&77>7 >74><7U=77C F7*78:7<7U#7=7G77Q77C>774><7U78=7<7U7c G7H>778:7<7UQ7778;R7 >774><7U78=7<7UJ7@F7R77#7;78=7QR7770R77>77>77g7C[778>7]77?D=7=R774G77C<7DU#7.57778?F774Q7D?<7X<7U J77F7>74:77D!7G7 F7*78:7<7U=77G7H78=7<7U=77 777B#7<7U[7>77; #74&7>74J74(7 577@<7U!7@7%77Q7D:7H;#7=7G7 F77D<7U>74$R7778G7R7477 !7R77#7;7[7@E7777787A77:778=7<7U07E<7UR77>77;$R77:74077C;78#77R774#7;7G7D<7U@7#R77$R77G7D78@F77C>77577D7757(77CF7#7R77=7R7D7D GR7E78:778G7R77=7#77K7D777877778@#77>77C>7577A77=77CF778F74:7>#7077#7?7C577:77;Dc577C1R774Q77C<7U7?7C57?W#7!7E7<7U757D77?D=7' - 6 - 6 & 6 -& (-(Coming of Age in Samoa):?D !79>=7<7U 577:77;Dc 577C1QR77 57?W#7!7E7<7U75774!7H<7U7C ,<7U 77?D >77577D78G7R77QR77 =77- J7Dc7#7;7>7F7DFR77
&7DF77D<7U74QR77:77#77=7577C1G7D78=7Q7770R77>7>77577D77QR77,<7U7d7Dce77:7c757(R7D<7DUF7777787
#77D#7R77D:7c7=77CF7=7N77C4Q77=77CG7D70R77>7<7DUF77 =R774QR77J7;7DJ7;#77>=7#R7<7DUF7D78G7;7C77<7DUF7D77787579F77$7=7"7D=7F77C777877>7778G7<7U7<7U7KF77<7U7C>77577D7757(77CF7J77F7!777!77>7EG7 [77HK!777!7R7M=7 #7R7 !7R7=7 A777D ?D ,<7U >7?A7 >74P7U577 ?7D=7D 757D78;<7DU=77CF7=7N77CG757(77CF778Q74=7778<74U#77!7778?F7D:77D(7. 077#778G7<7U78<74U#77$77DF7077#7G774Q777077#777787>74"77GR79;7D78>7>7 77787 <7Ug7C7 !778;78>%7=77CQ77 577G778>7<7U 77>77G7D =R774G77 f77>7F7DF7D G77?7C 78<7U&77D;74G77CF7:G7777(77C7G7D<7U>77%77C@7;74>77DJ7=7F7*78:7<7U<7U=77C=7#R7>=7;778?FR77>7577G778>7<7UL`R7778G7;7D:77C7>7=77=7R77[7J74(77F77>757%7G7@D77;D>!7` @7?;7R77!79>=7<7U7=778@F7D77?D?D!79>=7<7U>74&77D(7G7<7DUF7DFR777?#77F77!7D77J7;DQ7<7U7?7C?7D=7DR7757(R7D74=7L`7C!7E#7<7U57741F7DF77C[7>=77#7G7733>7577D7757(77CF7,<7U78@#7>7#7;,<7UF77D<7U78[7R77(R77R7 >77577DG7>74><7U=77C=7EG7(717"7D77'R77@7DG7F77D<7U78[7R7>7577;7D!77Q77>7577#7D&7R77!79>=7<7U7=777?D757D78;<7DU=77CF7!77H:7417#7>%7D=77CF77G7907#7>79(77;R77>77g7C577C1R774Q7D78#7Q77; !7R79<7X=7gO&7<7U=77=7577C1QR7757=R79G74=7;>77577D77QR77#77G77F771D;D<7U\7U7C57G7R774G77C577:77;Dc577C177787>7577D77@57D78<74U:7717G757778<74U:777!7U7%7S7D!77DF7778A7<7U7857$7R77!79>=7<7U7^7;D77#?7G778@F7D?7D=7D<7U7C577C1Q7D>77577D77>74@077=77CF7#77G7>77577D77Q77C<7DU#7.,<7U77#7W77C#7=7G77Q77!7HF7E77?D7&77[7<7U7;D>74><7U=77C77787#R77B<7X=757=#778#7Q77;!7;4!7;DG7D577G7#7#74&7&77>77D77=757?W#7!7E7R77D:7@7G778@F7D77?D
' '% 7& ,5 !& ( '
' '% 7& ,' * .0 - -munotes.in
Page 49
>74><7U=77CQ7778=7?7>7A7#7.!77>7>74J7478(7=7>74><7U=77CQR77577(R7577=7EG7!79G?7=7R77;<7DUF777&77\7U74)7J77D77>7R774QR7778#7Z77%R77M57(R7D77787[7>77;#77Z77457(R7D?7C<7UF!7G77[7579$7?7D=77CA7D<7UJ774>%77!7<7U#R77B<7X=757W#7?7C>74><7U=77C78=7?7>77QR77>%77!7G7D&77C>74J7478(7=7@7DG7#R7<7X=77C77?D=7A7;7C>74><7U=77C7778778=7?7>77#7;7CF770R77>7J7;7Q7<7U7.778>=7=#77=777?D=7%7778!7 R77@7DG7#7HR77B<7X=7<7U#7D:7#7D:7VR7778#77R77457(R7D78#7F77CG7<7DUFR77579.DG7#77CG7<7UF!7G777778770R77>77Q77C7D7D>7577D;77F77C77?D=777=77R77@7DG7?7C"7c<7U74<7U7>7D#7HR77B<7X=7<7U78;=R77[7%757G7A7;c7<7EUR77=7>77577GR7#R7<7X=77C57(77CF7>74><7U=77C@7DG7>77D!R77_7D77C&77C>74J7478(7=77>7E&7<7U=7D[7%757&7D=77C
,<7U[7<7U7;D7%7#77K >79!77C<7U=77 @9>7;D5?7A7D[7R77D:7&77.D>74#7(7G7<7U;7D77787=77C!79G?7#77K@&7#7=7D=7; @9>7'R77&7J@7=7>774:77R7Q7D=7;>74><7U=77CQ7D#7H78&7`R7@7C"7<7U7.77?D>74><7U=77C?7C33A778cF7>74!7E777?DAR77=777G7 _7]7 <7UF77 <7U7R7@7 G7H78=7<7U=77 [7%7777787>7577A77=77CF7>7@>R75?7EG757G79R77G7D7857.#7F7DFR77=7;<7U7D7=R77?7C757=7777787>7#7R77C
!& ( ' ' * .0 - -<7U7D77Q7778=7?7>7>77;$7D<7U7?7C57?W#77Q7D[7&G7 !778>%7=7<7DUF7DA77-&7<7U=77=7=7.7!77>7EG7Q7778=7?7>778<7U QQ7_7D77C!77>7EG7Q7778=7?7>778=7?7>7@7DG77D77457(7EG7!7778?F77A77-&7<7U=77DAR77!7H<7U7C,<7U78F778$7=7J77J7=77C=7A7=7G7G77/@<7DUF77A77=77D77787@9>7;7A77D=77/17C>#7O!77=7778>=7=#77=777?D77A7?7C7G7D<7U<7U7;774579.DF7D$77C!7;4!7;7=77/17C!7;4!7;D!7D7778#7a77>77?5?7EG7!7778?F7DA77=7D 78=7?7>7757(R7DJ7'R77Q771Q777C77?D=7AR77=7>77577GR7=7&77B<7X=7&77F77CF77D<7U74G77CA7D=R774G77CJ7G778#7F7DF777778778=7?7>77Q7D78F7$777[77R77D78@=7!7H>7D@D-G7<7DUF7DF7D77?D7&77[7<7U7;Q77=7; 78@F7DFR77F77D<7U>74$R7D78#77R77C,78=7?778>7<7U57778?=77CQ77C>7=R7=77J7'R77Q7J77J7=77C=7!77!77=77C77?D78=7?7>77Q77CG774D@77787>74><7U=77CQ7D778>=7=#7?7=77=77857.=7D @7?;77%7
78Q7G?D <7UF77<7U=77C 077777!7FR77F77>774><7U78=7<7U<7U7F77#7(77CQR7778=7?7>77Q7D78Q77@D=77=7=R77579.D77!7FR77F77>7577A77Q7D78Q77>757A7R77>757@=7<7U;=7D=7%7778!7J7'R77Q778!7Ke77457(R7D?7CR77=7=7;"7c<7U74Q77>7577#7D&777?DA77D#7>77?=7#77@7C77?D78<74U#77[7%757A7:77=77CF7@D&7@9>7'R77077;=7 778\7U<7U7>77;$R77=7=77CR7A7:77=77CF7@D&774QR77577Dge77[757777=770R77>7<7U;=777?D=7?7C!7]=777A7?7C77?D78=7>7'R77A7:77=77CF7@D&77=77CF7>74&77D(7<7U?7C=R77QR77>#7=7QR7707E577CJ7YF778F778?=777?D=7R79;7D78!7R7G777787!7778T7577=R7778#7Z77G774QR77R77D:7@7G77>7 7G7D<7U57?W#77QR77[7%774Q7D@>=7,D#7A77C<7U;7<7U;R77>7G7<7U7;@D=77R7D77;G77?7C <7U7?7C57?W#77QR77R77D:7@7G77>77;$R77!7;4!7;DA7>7D>777BG%7,;F77D<7U>74><7U=77C F77D<7U(7577778757?7;7`27CR7G7>74><7U=77C=77CF7"7c<7U5?7EG7=77/17C577H78$7<7U!7;4!7;7
1 !& % 7 ! 1 !& % 7' '% 7& , ! !& ( ' 077H78=7<7U 77787 :7H;
077H78=7<7U @7DG?7C :77D`7+<7U1EG7 >74><7U=77CQ77 70R77>7 <7DUF77 A77- &7<7U=77D @7?;77%7577H78$7<7U<7U%77 G77C78=7>7E7D,<7U57?W#77!7E7>7457]#77;>775?7EG7<7U7R7<7U;=77=7#7G7>!7=77C A77C#7 ,$77Z7778#778&7`#7D.DQ77C78Q7G?D7&777G7D<7U:77D`7CJ7YF757778?=77C@D=77=7077H78=7<7U>74><7U=77CQ7D @7?;7 5?7A7D 077417C @:717=7 G77D@F7DF77C G77/@7C 57478@;D @7?;77%7 77!77munotes.in
Page 50
F7D?F717$7F7707Dc78@F77C=7;=7D%7D,<7U7>74f7?7F7R777?D78A7%7D#R77&7=7<7U7=77CF7577D577D>c7C7857:7#77!7U#7R77Q77C077417C77?D?D07741D775?7F77?D>757A7R77>757@=7<7U;=7D<7U7C577D577DA7J7'R77Q7<7U7.7!77>7EG7778>=7=#77=777?D=7#7D:7#7D:7VR7707c<7XR77 ;D&77C57577:77#7OG778!7U;77'R77#R77!77'R774Q77Cd7R7778Q77D?7C 77?D=7 !7777C #77?EG7 "7DR77>77g7C #77!7;F7DFR77 Q775716R774QR77 78!7&7#R7 [77R774QR77Q77571e77#7;J7G7#7F7DF77C!7>7=R77@7C77A7R77>7#7!7;4!7;7G7`)77FR7777?D=7 !7;4=79>74><7U=77CQR77 =P7U74=77CQR77>77H@R77Q7D=7D#77G7<7U;=77=7>774><7U78=7<7U78=7?7>77Q7D@>=7,D#7A77C<7U;7<7U;7D$7E!777#7&R7<7U77?D<7U7;7R77579.D77!7FR77579.74G77 77D.$7 ,<7U=77 >74J74]=77 77787 #77;>77 R77Q77C 077#7G77 [77!=7 ?7D=7D J7@F7=R77A77:778=7<7U7C<7U;7757(R7DD?D777$77C57?W#77Q7DJ7G7F7D77?D
' $ R77"7c<7U757(R7D77!77>74><7U=77C77787#R77B<7X=757W#778#7Q77;!7;4!7;7>757A7EG7"7D=7>79O#77=7<7DUF77CO%7J7DG7D781<7Xc77787577:77;Dc577C1R774Q7D78#7Q77;!7;4!7;7>74J7478(7=757?W#77Q7D78#7Q77#74=7
QR77@&7<7U7!77>7EG7R7778#7Q77;!7;4!7;DQ77C>79O#77=7)77F77C?7D=77C77787=R77Q77CF77D<7U78[7R7=77
77787
!7R7=7?7D=77C70R77>7<7U74QR77<7U7?7C57?W#77QR77<7U7R77Q7D >7577D7757(77CF7>74><7U=77C77787!7cG7 77!7U >74><7U=77C >74><7U=77CQ7D #7=7G7J74(7 ?7C ?7D=77C R77 7(R77R77Q77 @9>7;7 077:7 5?7A7D>74><7U=77CQR77 78=7?7>7778#77R77C >74><7U=77+Q77 78=7?7>7 775?7C &7D=77C!77>7EG7 77787 [7R77D:7&77.D=77CF7>74><7U=77C=7EG7>79O?7D77'R77>74><7U=77CQ77C>757A7!7778?F77CcDF7;Q77C>74><7U=77C#R77$R7777!77R777(R77R77=7?7C!7778?F77CR77#R778=778;<7X=7 77!7778&7<7UF77D<7U7C>74><7U=77CQ7D57?W#7<7U>7D778>=7=#77=777?D<7U7;7=7D,<7U77807F7D$7 ,D78=7?778>7<7U!79;7#7D >7577A7<7U>77#77KF7777?DR77Q77!79;7#7777787,$77Z77Q7778<74U#77>#7=7Q77:7c5?7EG7<7U>7777D.$7F77A77=77D
' ) References)1.https://www.britannica.com/science/culture-and-personality-studies2.(2016). Culture and Personality. obo in Anthropology. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199766567-01443.Gordon, R. J., Lyons, H., & Lyons, A. (Eds.). (2010). Fifty keyanthropologists. Routledge.4.https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo9780199766567-0014.xml5.https://www.britannica.com/biography/Margaret-Mead6.https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Margaret_Mead#Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa7.Barnard, A., & Spencer, J. (1996).Encyclopedia of social andcultural anthropology. Taylor & Francis. P. 889.munotes.in
Page 51
!""0"""" """") "<"" !"" 3"3"0"" ; 0" " & 2 "0" "
78W]D/7777>74><7S=77C%77>77O777$7577G7"7/7777%77>77O7778=7?7>7577G7"7/7777%77>7O7D57?U"7577G7"7/7777%77>77O77C7'P7P7G7O7F7A77C"7G7%7HF77C78"7'77C>74Y7D777=57<7S<7S=77C77O7;7>7778 7S;"?7D 7S:7?7C=7<7S=P7e77577'P7P7G7Y7>=77"7G77Y7>=77"7G77e77577'P7P7G77O7D57?U"7579#P7>74<7SF 7G77A77=77C"P7"7>$77 7Z=77C%77>7774=778"7X77%77#77CP77=7777787"7=7577G7<7S7F7#740>77;74%7>74@/7
" #6:.•577G7"7/7777%77>7>74<7SF 7G77>757A7EG7!7D7D•e77577'P7P7G77$7 57?U"7F777=7!7D7D
" " " " ) " ) ' "4("" - " " ) ""2 " " " " *$7G77D78F77B:"778>`<7S78?>74<7SF 7G77e77C<7S/777D=77CF7*$7G77D(Ethno)5?7A7D577G7"778<74S"77;7]17778778F77B:"778>`<7S(lingustics)5?7A7D /7777%77>7 P77 @7DG7 %7I@74 77>7EG7 I7G7F7DF77 77?D P77O77 7$7>7"7>77'77;7 78<74S"77 78"778%7] /7777457'P7D /777DOP77 >74;O7G7DO77 77787 /777DOP77 78"7<7S7>77O77 %77>77CP7munotes.in
Page 52
7/P77>7 ?7DP7 577G7"7 /7777 %77>7 ?D 577G7"7"74%7%77>778"777G77O77 *<7S /77:7 77?D A7D *#77X77/777D57'77CF7>74"77@77787A7DI77DF7=77=7=P774O7D>774><7S78=7<7S"7=7G7P77O777/P77>7<7S;=7D77G77O7D?D7D77>7D 7G7D<7S 57?U"77O7D Y7%G7 778>$7=7 <7S;=7D A7>7D <7S7C /7777 >74><7S=77CF77 77<7S7; @D=7D 78<74S"77=P77F7`/777DO77>757A777787"77O77;74"7<7S7P7Y7/77"7 70=77D/777DO7DG7579G7D>774><7S78=7<7SG7579GP774%77C<7S>7D>74I7478'7=777?D=7
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
!" " 0 " " " """ " " ) " 2 ".!"*5 "577G7"7/7777%77>7 >774><7S78=7<7S "7H78%7`b7D A7>7D <7S7C /7777 77H;7787<7S <7S$77 78F74:7 /7E7857<7S7 78O7G?D77787'777857<7S78"7'77C=P77@7COP7757EF7/7E=7 7Z=77C7778778"7%7D7=778"7<7S7>77I7WF7>7577G7=777778778/7-7=7DOP77>74@/77=7>74;O7G77%77D'7P77O77Y7P7=G7<7S;=77=7I7`577C><7S7C P774OP77 J]7CG7D 577G7"7/7777%77>7 *<7S 7G79%77>7G7 5?7EG7 78"7O77; <7S;=7D A7D /777D=77CF7>74><7S=77C=P77Y7<7SF 77%77C>74I7478'7=777?D22/777DOP77;O7G7D57'P7D%7I@7O777$7 "77<7VP774%7%77>7 %7I@78G77857=77C77787"77<7VP7;O7G7777757A7<7ES;>74;O7G7D=7>74><7S=77CO77577:77D"77!7DP77O77Y7P7=G7<7S;=77D/777D57'P7DY7"7D%7<7DSF7DFP77A77:778=7<7SJ78]<7S7DG77O7D 79G7;O7G77<7S;P77O77=P774O77Y7P7=G777?D<7S7;7?77G79/7"777787I77DF7P77OP7778"77P77[7;DY7<7S`<7DSF77:7DF7777?D/777DO7D@>=7*D"7A77C<7S;7<7S;7D 7S7; 57?U"77O7D 77?D <7S7;7 =P77OP77 >74><7S=77C%77C A7"7,O77 >74I74'7 77?D @7?;77$7
*<7S7F77D<7S>7778?=P7<7S7;7G7D =P774OP77 *<7S7 579F77#7=77C=7 ?7 579W7 78>7478:7=7F77 77?D A7; <7S7?7C %7I@@>=7*D"7A77C<7S;7 <7DSF7D G77?7C=7 =7; =P77577:77CF7 78=7?7>7 G7] ?7DF7 @7?;77$7 /77;=77CP7>7577A77=7 P77 7E"773 G7,7OP77 77P77O77C "P7"7>$77 77787 77P77O77C I77`F77C ?D 78 7P77>77f7C >77 7S>7 7S7>77f7C "77 7;F7D A77=77>7D=7; *<7S <7S7, 7>77 ?7D=77 <7S7C A7D"?7 A77=77COP77 "P7"7>77P7:7`7=7 >7?/77:7 ?7D=77 77787 =P774O7D P77 "P7"7>77P77O7D 78"778%7] G77"7 ?7D=7D <7S7,7I7;7DI7; P77 :77D]7C"P7"7?7;7=7 G7757%7D7 (77FP77 77?D=7 =7$7778 7 "77 7;F7DF7D %7I@ 77787 >7477 >7577A77OP77 78"7<7S7>77O7D> 7]7C<7S;7@D+%7<7S=77=7 """/ "" -8"%"( "" - ( "" ") ""577G7"7/7777%77>7OP77= 7U77C7778778=7?7>77I7WF7$77D0<7VP77=7O7O77<7S;7munotes.in
Page 53
577G7"7/7777%77>7O7D57?U"7>774:7777 7777 7F77C>"7=7O77C@7?;7D>757778"7]%7<7S=77
!" " 0" " " " "" " " ) ""2 "" - " 3 " 3 " 0 " 2 " / "
," " - " 0 " "1 /" " -"7D:7"7D:7TP77>7577A77=7"7D:7"7D:7TP77A77C"7G7%7HF77C77?D=7A7D"?7"77478%7<7S/77787<7S7/P77>77O77Y7%G7P7D=77D=7D"?7!7;D 78G7"77>7>$77G7 #77P77OP77>7"7P77C77787;7?P77O77C>7"7P7?757EF7/7E=7Y7%G7577G7"7/77777%77>77=7P7D=77DA77C"7G7%7HF77COP777/P77>7757'P7D= 7-77O7Dd77D=7 A77C"7G7577G7 577G7"7A7D$7D;7?=77=7=P77!7;74O7D Y7<7S7; =7D <7S7D7=P77 Y7<7S7;O7D /77DA7G7 !7D=77=7 =P77@7)O77 >7577"7D%7 7>7DF7 @7?;77$7
Y77O77CG7/77;=77CP7e74$7/77774=7;<7S;P77>77f7C78I7Q78`%774G77C 79<7S,78"7[7G774G77 7H>7D78@F7D@7?;77$7Y77O77CG7/77;=77Ce74$7/77774=7;<7S;P77>77f7C78I7Q78`%774G77C 79<7S,78"7@"77G774G77 7H>7D78@F7D=P77579,D=P774G77/77;=77CP774O7DA77C"7G7%7HF77C 577G7>7%77>7>757A7E%7<7SF7D
"# " ""->7579@7P7757'P7D 77F7G7 ?7D77&P77 "7D:7"7D:7TP77 78"7'77CO77 78N7SP77 7Z=77CO77 7/P77>7 <7S;7D ?D577G7"7/7777%77>77O7D*<7S7'P7P7G7O7F777?DP77=7'77857<7S77787'75778G7; 7D77%77@7DG?7C78"7'77C4O777/P77>7>757778"7]77?D'77857<7S78"7'77C'75778G7; 7D7=7D 77>7EG778"7/7<7V=7?7D7D<7S'77C<7S'77C#7E 77"7!707>7=7D <7S7;7 I7&P77O7 78"7'77)57'P7D '77857<7S =7>7DO7 '75778G7; 7D7 778;7757 7>7=77=7 78"7'77C *#77X77"P7<7V=77COP77A77C"7G7%7HF77CO77*<7S57?U"77O77/77:7I7G7"7=77=77778778/7-778"7'77C"7D:7"7D:7TP77>7579@7P774OP7777"7%P7<7S57EF7/7E=7"P7"7>$7DO77*<7S/77:77>7=77=7@7A7G5778"7'77C 78"7"77?78"7'77C7778757E=P7E78"7'77CY7=P7D<7S7O77C77787Y7=P7D<7S>7577A77=7=P774O77C"7H78%7]P7D77?D=7"7D:7"7D:7TP7778"7'77C"7;F77<7.S78_=7<7SMG7*#77X77 >7579@7P77OP77 /777DOP77 >$77 7G7D78"77P77C I7&P77O7 74%77C 57778?=77C 7857,E %7<7S=7D =P77O7Y75777D '77857<7S78"7'77)OP777/P77>775799,D*#77X77>7579@7P77OP77A77=77CP7/777DOP77>$77 7G7D78"77P77C 79<7S,57778?=77C78@>7=7D
)" 8". " ""( ! "' "4 '" 4 ( ""- ""2"& ""7D:7"7D:7TP77>7579@7P77457'77CF7>74Y7D77<7S;77;7C<7S=77C=7;7G7D<7S!7`<7S74"7;7"7F74I7EG7<7DSF77CA77=7D<7S7?7C>7579@7P77457'P7D%774=7=77?7>74Y7D77<7S;77&P77<7S=77CO77*<7S57?U"77O77/77:777?D=7;=7;7457'P7D77"77A7 57?U"77O77 77?D F77D<7S *<7S57D<7S74%77C AP77Y7<7S7;D >74"77@ >77'7=77=7 /777DO77 77@; <7S>77<7S;=77=7?D*<7S7>7579@7P77 7D77@9>7&P77>7579@7P7757'P7D78/7-7<7S>7D77?D77787>74/7777<7S=77CO77 P77>74/77777O7774=7/77"77>7F7DFP777/P77>77579,D57778?=77CO77>757Zd77D=77'P7P7G77>77857,=77D
) " " " # " 4& * " . " 4 %"*" -( " ' " 4(3 "757D78;<7SG7577G7"7"74%7%77>77CP7/7777%77>77*0"70>7 77C;77787I7.A777857G7*F7"?7 7SP774G77CF777=7!7D=7F7D<7S7C*78><7S577D<7S0DI7 7S7>77f7C78?57<7S7 >7@7377787I7 7S7>7DI7;DO7%7I@77?D=7 =7;I7 7SP77munotes.in
Page 54
>74<7SF 7G774>77f7C7(7`D<7S*<7SO7%7I@"77 7;=77=7P77[7;D=P774G77C7%77C<7S78F 7=7<7SF 7G7778"7<7S78>7=7<7DSF77C<7S7C*#77X77/777DOP77>74;O7G7D=7=P77/777DO7D/77P7<7S7;/7777I77DF777;DF77D<7S<7S7D777?D=7?D57?U"77O7Df;F7D?7D=7DAP77F77"?7D 7DS78;P7G7:7?7C=7<7S5?7EG777D,#7F7DA77=7DP77:7?7C=7<7S<7SF 7G7DF77/77787<7S>77 7D7=777>7D?7C5?7=77=7@9>7&P77%7I@7=77>7D<7S7CAP7778f<7S777C/7777I77DF7F77CA77=7D=P7778f<7S77OP77"77>=7"77I7WF778"7O77;<7S;P77OP77 7Z=77C"7;/7777Y7/77"7 770=7D """/ "" -8"%"( "" - ( "" ") "">7 77C;77787"?7 7S:7?7C=7<7S>757A77"7EG7>774:7778"7'77C*<7S577G7"7/7777%77>7O7DO7F75?7EG7> 7]<7S;7
<" " ! " " 3 " 3 " 0 "
8") ("" "0" "/77;=77=77A7EG7?7CF77D<7S>74#P7DOP77
`<7V<7DS 7D77A77>=7F77D<7S>74#P77#7D0b77457'P7D;7?=7D=P77579,D#7D0b774O777/P77>7<7S;7D#7E 757?U"77O7D77?D#7D0b774O777/P77>7<7DSFP77G7D/77;=77CP7>7577A77OP77>74@/77=7 78"7>=7778;=7 J]7C<7S7DG7 Y77 =7 ?7DF7 :77"7D ?7C /77;=77CP7 >7577A77O77C A77C"7G7"7778?G77C 77?DI77C78`F7DG757E@<7S;=77=7<7S7C/77;=77CP7:77"7?D<7DS"7,F77D<7S;7?=77>7F7DFP7778f<7S777CO7G77?7C=7;7%77C*<7S;O7G7777?DAP7757'P7D/77;=77CP7>74><7S=77CO77C57EF7/7E=757EFP7DY778=778I7478I7=7?7D=77=7I77C`DF7
78I7Q78`%7Y7%77>7<7S77787'757Y7>77;<7S P79;7D78 7P7G777787/77;=77CP7I79Z7CA77C"77CP774OP777/P77>77O7D<7S7?7CY7579#778"77P7 78"778"7'7Y7$7777787 7;4 7;7 57E,A77=77C77787>74P79<7V=7<79S`94I77=77CF778?4@EY777F77C77787:77"7 7778@"77>77C >7579@7P77O7D 7$7"P7"7>$77 77787 >7/P7=77 P774O7D 57E, 78"7<7S7>7 77787 <7S7P7 ?D77?D=7 @D%77"7; ;7AP7 <7S;P77>77f7C "7>77?=77CX774G77 ;7AP7<7S=P77KG77 >$7778G7<7S >7577A77OP77 Y7$77>757A7FP77 7778?A7D=7 5?7EG7 =P774G77C <7S7577OP77 7G79"77@7"7; 778$7<7S:794=7"77E<7S <7DSF77C @9>7&P7757?7P79Z7OP77 >7577 =77CG74=7; e77577C7 7/P77>77OP77 778;78>$7=77C=7 7757EF77e7? I7@F7 (77F77 A7D"?7/77;=77CP7>775778A7<7S577G7"7"74%7%77>77 7;@D%77=7Y778%7787=7(77F7D77787=P774OP77@D%77=77CF778"778"7'7/77:77=77CF7 #7D0b774O77 7Z=7%77C; 7/P77>7 <7S;P77>7 >79L"77=7 <7DSF77C \77CG77C"77>7 7%7778"7[7G774OP77 78G7P7=7<7S778F7<7S7457'7EG7"77@78"7"77@ @D#77CF7 (77F7D /77;=77=77CF7 #7D0b77=722>7577A7%77>77CP7 "77>=7"P7 77?D <7S7C G77?7C 7%77 #7D0b77=7 >"7=7?7 >74 7E7 77D>7577'77G7<7S7;<7S 77D 77<7SF7G7 77787 <7SF 7G77 78@F77C A77+ %7<7S=7D 77787 7%77 *<7S7 :77"77F77munotes.in
Page 55
>757A7EG7!7D=7FP77579,D/77;=77CP7>74><7S=77COP7778"7^77O7D> 7]7C<7S;7?7D=7D7%77CO7O77"7D,7D"7D,7Ce77577/P77>77OP77>74@/77=7?7C>7577D;77F77C77?D """/ "" -8"%"( "" - ( "" ") ""/77;=77OP77e77577C77/P77>77OP77 77^7/7E577C"7;$77D0<7VP77=778F7?7
<"" ! " " 3"3" 0""2 ". ! "* 5"@9I7DP774G77C:77"77/P77>77O7D57?U"778"7%7@<7DSF7D77?D/77;=77CP7 7#7407=7FP77e77577C7>7579@7P77457'P7DI7;7CO7 >7577G7>77577GP7 "7H78%7]P7D 7>7FP77O7D =P774G77C G757E@<7DSF7D #7D0b774O77C "7>=77C >7757778A7<7S>74!7`G774O7D*<7S<7S5?7EG7 G77=7F7:7 A77=77C77787"7:77 7D7778/7-7*<7S=77@%7"7=7DY7=P7D<7S:77"7*<7S>"7=747 778>=7="7 77?D "7D:7"7D:7TP77 A77=77C 77787 >7579@7P7 #7D0b77=7 ;7?=77=7 77787 7;> 7;@778P7="77OP77 577'P7577EG7 778$7<7S >7757778A7<7S '77857<7S 7Z=77CG7D *<7S7 A77D0F7DF7D 77?D=7 I77?D;7CF7A7:77>77f7C=7D>74 7EE7>757e75?7A7D*<7S>77;#7D78@>7=7D
! "$3" ) " '" 4 / "0" "
77787
OP77@%7<7S7=7A77=77C >74P79<7V=7<79S`94I777787e77577C7>7579@7P774O7D>7E57>=7;7CP77/P77>7 AP77=7 579#P7=7 >74;O7G77=57<7S <7S7P77=57<7S 77787 J78]<7S7DG77=7EG7 7778?F7D :7DF7D ?7D=7D77G7<7S7D%7 78"7"77? <79S`94I7 77787 G77=7D>74I74'7 P77 7D77=7?7C 7/P77>7 ?7D=77D e77577C77/P77>7>=7;7C<7S;7 77787 :778=7%77CF7=77 >74!7I77A77C 77787 G7D=7="7 A7A7577G77C >74;7<7S
e77?<7SG77=7D>74I74'7 e77577C777787%7?;7C>7577A77=77CF778"7"77@> 7"7H78%7`b7D77787I77R7A7:77%77CA77D0P77"7;F77<7.S78_=7<7DSF7D?7D=7D
, ""(" "- 3" ") ""#7D0b774OP777/P77>77G7DA77=77CO7D77787>$77G774O7D 778;5777?7C>7577D;777F7D@7?;77$7=777857,G770E:77"7OP777/P77>7757'P7DI7D78`F7DP774G77C>77478:7=7F7D<7S7C *<7S7#7D0b77OP77O77H<7S`7C=77/P77>7<7S;7D%7<7VP777?D 77787 =P77 7D77=7 7G7D<7S Y7<7S7;O7D >7757778A7<7S >74I74'7 77?D=7 @7?;77$7 I7Q7c77 I7Q7c77G7>7F7DF7D777877778@
_78"7@7>777787A7577CG7577F7<7S /770D<7SM77787%7D=757A7E;P774OP77=77CF7>74I74'7P774O777/P77>7<7S;=77P7D=77D
"9 ("" - "") "78;"7>7P777/P77>7<7S7G7D#7D0b77=77CF77D7<7S7P77O7D57?U"7> 7]?7D=7D=P774OP7757=7D =P774G77C<7DSF7DFP777D7<7S7P77X77P77G77O77*<7S78"778%7]=79<7S077>77?7D=77AP7757'P7D<7S757:77; O77;78<74S"77 77O7%7DF77D<7S74OP77>7579@7P77=7*<7S"7778<74S"77=P77?EG7778'7<7S<7S7,=7D"77"7;F7D77787<7S757:77;74OP77A77C"7G77O77C77787>74><7S=77COP77Y7=P7D<7S=7 7%77CF77O777/P77>7=P774G77C<7DSF77AP7757'P7D78;"7>7>7577A77=77CF7Y7=P7D<7S>7@>P77F77 "7HP77B<7V=7<7S78;=P77 77D,#7=77=7 AP7757'P7D =7D >77577GP77C<7S=7 57778?=77C"7; >7577'77G77C (77F7Dmunotes.in
Page 56
G77?7C=7 7;4=79A77C"7G77=77CF7Y7=P7D<7S"7H78%7]P77O7777787Y7$7DO77f7D>7=7 7%77CF77O77>$7778G7<7S/777D[7;D=P774G77C7/P77>7<7DSF77/77;=77CP7#7D0b774"7;7CF7>7577A7%77>7774G77C78<7S=P7D<7S57?U"7 7E67<7S757D<7DSF77C77?D=7A7>7D<7S7C7B"?F7DA74780P77I77P75778;P7O7 e77577C7>7577A7%77>7*77;@D>77*57*G7\77C78G7"77>7 /77;=77CP7:77"7*>7>77C @9I7D P774G77C 7G7D<7S 78"7X77 77Cf74=77CF7 >7577A7%77>77=77CF7 7@"77C 77787 7@"P7EU7; 78"7/77:77=77CF778"7X77$P77G777D7<7S7P77O7DY778%777@D#77CF778@F7D?7D=7D """/ "" -8"%"( "" - ( "" ") ""/77;=77=77CF7e77577C77/P77>77=77CF778"778"7'7579#P7>74<7SF 7G77$77D0<7VP77=778F7?7e77577/P77>77=77CF7Y7579#7 7Z=77C>774:77
"" ( "" #" 7" " "" ""-3 ""(" " """# " "( "! "" 0" '" 4 "/ " "
OP77 @%7<7S7OP77 >79L"77=77CF7 F77D<7S>74#P77 77787 <79S`94I7 78G7P77A7G7 P77 7D7757'P7D>74%77D'7G77>77f7C >7;<7S7; 77787 =7; >74>$77Y77D=>77?G7 77787 Y77P77D78A7="7@D=7 77?D=7 %7?;7C 77787e77577C7>7579@7P778"7<7S7>7 74O77P7=77C;7A7 78%777 7> 7%P7=7778G757EF7G7 @9I7F7!7`<7S744O77C7G79>7E78O7=7A77=77C 7G79>7E78O7=7 A77=77C 7G79>7E78O7=7 A7577=77C 77787 =7; 577:77>7 A77=77C P774O77 =<7S7 77787577Dfb77 Y757777=7 Y7<7SF 774579,D '7;7D 77HX77D78:7<7S "7>77?=77C ;7A7'77G77CO77C %7?;D P77579,D Y7/7778"7=7F77D<7S74O7D 79G7"7>7G7 P77 >74@/77=77CF7 '77D;7D "7 <7S7P7N7S57 f;78"7P77>77a7C 7'P7P7G7 57?U"77O7D 77?D>7577A7%77>7774OP77>74%77D'7G77=77CF7"7;7CF7<7S7?7C57?U"77O7D7D777?D=7/77;=77CP7>7757778A7<7S78"777G7>74%77D'7G7 778;7@DG7D 774=7;78"7X77%77#77CP7 >74%77D'7G77>7 Y77D=>77?G7 "7 Y77P778A7="7 78@F7D 77?D
57'P7D/77;=77CP77"7<7S7%7>74%77D'7G7>74>$7DG7D>7?7;7AP77OP77"77C>778A7FR77457'P7D 7>7;F7DFP77
#7D0b7757'P7D*<7S"777O77 7e7?>7EO7G77>74@/77=77CF7@E;@%7G7577'P7577[7;7Y7P77D:7<7DSF777G79>7E78O7=7 A77=77C 77787 A7577=77C=77CF7 78"7X77$P77KOP77 %7H7787<7S >757>P774O77 @D%7"P77 77C 7/P77>777P7>77C*>7*>777;G7DY77P77D78A7=7<7DSF77?7D=77
)" " &" "P77 7'P7P7G7 !7`<7S7=7 77 77 @7DG7 78"77P774<7S0D 7778?F7D 778?F77 "77478%7<7S /7777%77>7 77787@9>7&P77e7757 7/P77>7 *$7G77DF7778A778>`<7V>757'P7D e77C<7S /777D=77CF7 7$7 ;7]1 77787F77D<7S%77>7 P77@7DG7%7I@74O77>7577"7D%777?DAP77O777$7/777DOP77>74;O7G7DO777778778"7<7S7>77O77%77>77CP77/P77>7munotes.in
Page 57
77?D P77O7DY7"7=7G7 *0"70 >7 77C; ?7D=7D =P774G7D 7%77C >7EO7G77 <7DSF77C <7S7C 57G79P7 577G7"77C /777D[7;D579#P7=7 A7:77F77 77D,#7=77D 577G7"7"74%7%77>7 7/P77>77O7D 57?U"7 I7;DO7 77?D =7D >7577A77>77f7C*D78=7?778>7<7SY7=77C<7S5?7EG7<7S7P7<7S;=7D?7*<7S>757Z"77;>7777?DA77C"7G7%7HF77C >74><7S7; >74Y7D77<7S;77;7C <7S=77C P77>77;#P77 577G7"7"74%7%77>77=7 78/7-7 78/7-7=77 77?D=7 77A7?7C577G7"7/7777%77>778"777G774I7;7DI7;57?U"77O77CO7O775?7A7D/777DO77>74><7S=77C"7; 778;7757?7D=7<7S7C=P77F7` =P77F77>77 7S7C
"?7D 7S?7P7 77D$7D78>7>77>7D5?7=77=7P777'P7P7G7!7`<7S7O77@9>7;778"7/77:75?7A7D:77"77/P77>778<74S"77e77577/P77>7 77A7?7C77 7FP77F77D<7S>74#P7DOP77
`<7V<7DS 7D77A77>=7F77D<7S>7579@7P7#7D0b7757'P7D;7?=77=7 79"773O7D7/P77>778I7Q78`%774G77C=P77OP77>"7=7OP77?D=7E>77f7CY77P77D78A7=7<7DSF7D?7D=7DA7D7D<7SMG7=P774G77>$7778G7<7SY7$77>757A7=77CF7=P77[7;D=7DF77D<7S>74#P7D"7;;7AP7<7SM%7<7SF7D7G7D<7S78"7[7G77>7D?7D=7DAP774G77>79L"77=77CF77 7;@D%77=7?7CY778%777@DP77=777F7D?7D=7D 7;4=79=P774O7D7D7<7S7P7>$7778G7<7S 77=7,7C"7;O77F7EfD"7F7D777877G7D<7S57?U"77OP77<7S75774O7D@>=77"7DA77C<7S;7<7DSF7D7D7<7S7P7?7C78"7[7G774G77C"77 7;F7DF77C 7Z=777?D/77;=77CP7>7577A77=77CF7 A77=77C 78F74:7 A7577=77C 7%77 7G7D<7S57?U"77OP77 I77I74O77 77A7?7C 7/P77>7 <7DSF77 A77=777?D/77;=7>7;<7S7; 77P7>77C*>7*>777;7>7D7/P77>7Y77P77D78A7=7<7S;7C=777?D/77;=77CP77"7<7S7%7>74%77D'7G7 >74>$7DG7D?7C
:77"774OP77 7'P7P7G77=7EG7 e77577C7 7/P77>774O7D 57?U"7 @%778"7F7D <7S7;7e7757>7577A7?D/77;=77CP7>7577A77O7DY7579#774:777?D
)" + " References1 https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/linguistics2https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-Sapir1.https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/147641/8/08_introduction.pdf https://www.britannica.com/science/ethnolinguistics1https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/sapir-whorf-hypothesisin J.A. Lucy,in International Encyclopedia of theSocial &Behavioral Sciences, 2001 1Béteille, A. (1980). Indian village: past and present. Peasants in history,essays in honour ofDaniel Thorner, edited by EJ Hobsbawm...[et al.].1 https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-andmaps/indian-sociology1Srinivas, M. N. (1975). Village studies, participant observation and socialscience research inIndia. Economic and political weekly, 1387-1394.1Sharma, S. (1969). Indian Village as a Unit of Study—I. Economic andPolitical Weekly, 4(33), 1347-1354.1Dube, S. C. (2017). Indian village. Routledge.1Jodhka, S. (2000, April). Sociology/anthropology, nation and the villagecommunity.In Sociology Unit, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi, NationalWorkshop (pp. 19-21).munotes.in
Page 58
Shah, Vimal P. 1982 The Educational Problems of Scheduled Caste andScheduled Tribe Schooland College Students in India. New Delhi: Allied Publishers.1Béteille, A., & Madan, T. N. (1975). Encounter anã Experience: PersonalAccounts of Fieldwork. Delhi,Vikas.1Instructional Television Experiment: Social Evaluation—Impact onAdults, Parts I–II. Bangalore:Indian Space Research Organization.Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) 1972–1974 A Surveyof Research in Sociologyand Social Anthropology, 3 vols. Bombay: Popular Prakashan.Visaria,Leela, and PravinVisaria 1995 India's Populationin Transition. (Population Bulletin 50: 3).Washington, D.C.:Population Reference Bureau.——1996 Prospective Population Growth and PolicyOptions for India,1991–2101. New York:Population Council.Agrawal, Binod C., J.K.Doshi, Victor Jesudason, and K.K.Verma 1977Satellite InstructionalTelevision Experiment: Social Evaluation—Impact on Adults, Parts I–II.Bangalore: Indian SpaceResearch Organization.Reddy, D. Narasimha, (2012), “Studying Village Society in India,“Review of Agrarian Studies,vol. 2, no. 1.http://ras.org.in/studying_village_society_in_india1. https://www.britannica.com/science/culture-and-personality-studies2. (2016). Culture and Personality. obo in Anthropology. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199766567-01443. Gordon, R. J., Lyons, H., & Lyons, A. (Eds.). (2010). Fifty keyanthropologists.Routledge.4. https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0014.xml5. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Margaret-Mead6.https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Margaret_Mead#Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa7. Barnard, A., & Spencer, J. (1996).Encyclopedia of social and culturalanthropology.Taylor & Francis. P. 889.munotes.in
Page 59
(!&")!%+$!-"",(#3 .,(#;L;;B;IC;9N;9+;;W;; ;;+;=;F;;I/&;];I;<;C;;&X;;Z;B;&;];WX;; ;';I@;HC;:;;L;&;&;9Z;Z;;C;;B;/&;]$;J;;<&;&;];/&;]C;;@';IL;;B;IC;9N;9+; ;;;<;;<&;&;;D;f;@Id;C(;;;<$;B;C;9N;9+;;9W;;C;9E4; ;C;JZ;&;]B;;IC;&;C;9C&;]B;;.:;+X;I
;;$;;;C;D;d;&;];@; FX;;B; L;;B;;H ;;;<; L;;B;Q?; ;;;<; BX;;WX;;Z;;HC;9N;9;<+;B; &;];D;H ;<&;;:;;L;&;&;9Z;Z;;C;;FX;;Q;L;;BX;;W;;H&X;&;C(;;:D;B;;B;:D;JL;L;;B;Q?;DIC;&;:;;L;&;;HL;;B;IC;9N;9+;;9:;+;;HQC;;&;;<;&;] ;;;<;:;JQ4;JB; ;+;;I@I;<';B;@;;F;I;<&;;<&;+;L;;&;;9L;;H$;;<@;:;;L;&;&;9Z;Z;;C;;;9L;;HF;@L;;BX;;WX;; ;4X;;C;;W;;H&X;;'X;; &;I]Q;H ;;DI
B;@ B;I ;L;;B;IC;9N;9+;:D;JL; ;;I1';QIF;;B; ;C;I
#E;L;;B;Q?;&X;&;C(;;;
Page 60
;:;I;<@&;]L;:;;L;&;&;9Z;Z;;C;;
Q="C;DIL;@;H:;;?;L;X;;9L;;L;;B;IC;9N;9+;d;;;KX;;9C;;;HC;9C(;;$;&;]C;Dd;:;='; ;L&;I;&;]:D;JL;:;;L;QIF;;B;IBX;;WX;;R;"&D;LC;;$;];IoIC;
F;;H$;;H:;E;&;] ;;;<;QI&D;HCo6;C;X;;9W;;C;:;;&;IZ;D;IB;;I;<&;l;&;];IZ;;d;3]W;:;;L;&;&;9Z;Z;;C;;&;`Q;5Q;&;;HCo6;C;X;;9L;;H;<&;W;;@;9W;;H/&;]Z;;1;:D;JL;Co6&;`W;@;FX;;:;+X;IC;9C&;]B;;HC;d;;;Q;H:D;JL;$;;;FX;;B; ;$;=@;;&;](;;9:;+;;HQL;:;=L;I
&;]Q;
+;:;
+;;;P:;&;];<&;+;;H ;;;<;$;;&;]$;@9$;@;9:;+X;I ;Z;;@W;L;;9W;I$;=@;&;IC;;$;5QI ;C;QIB;@;HBX;;WX;;C;;;HC;9@W;L;;
; :;;?;L; X;;9L;; X;=; :;;?;L;WX;;C;Me;9;N;;L;;5&;?;M@I &;M;X;; ;;;FX;;B;BX;;9L;;H;I; ;;;<; ;;<4;QI';;C;9N;9+;;HC;9Z;;I+;L;E;ILD;H&;I]QI:;='X;B;B;IX;;&;];1;B;d;&;];;C;&;C;;+;;@;$;;I L;;B;IC;9N;9+; ;;;<; Q?L;;WX;;d;;;KX;;9C; ;;;<;;<&;);I;B;n :;;F;@;H:;;B;iB&;&;;E;HL;C;K;;HB;@;H:;;?;L;L;I7:;;:;J@ :;+X;IL;:;JE&;I]KX;;L;=C;;@
C;9$;;;Pl;&;]L;;BX;;W;I@I';;9&;]L;:D;JL;&;?;;8&;]@;&;I]K;I?;IK;IC;:;;L;C;9;;w&;5;HK;x ;;;<;w&;;<5K;;9W;; 4;;0x
w ;;"x ;;;<; w ;;"W;;H N;D;H;x ;;;<; 4;;&;95 &;C;:;;9B;@W;=K;B;4;;&;;9C;;u;HC;=h;&;;$;@B;;B;C;IL;I&;];:;+;;HK;&;9);F;D; ;;"WX;;&;9);;WX;;:;;+X;:;;B;JL;?;;K;; ?;IK;; ;;;<; ;);; d;&;];@I :;=K; BX;;WX;; ;;"WX;; &;9);;W;; C;ECX; ;C;B;;I
BX;;WX;; ;;"&;;<5K;;9W;;L;;D;H:;;?;L;WX;;$;=OI ;C;ID;H;
Page 61
:;+X;I:;;?;L;K;; ;;O1K;I&;];HC;:;;L;L;;B;IC;9N;9+;d;;;K;;H ;>$;@;<:;;<);?;L;WX;; ;;IF;;HN;&;; ;;;<;);&;`X;B;;I5&;];Io; ;;;<;;:;;?;L;L;I&;I?;&;I?;1q;;C;:;;F;;9:;+;;HK;C;9N;9+;);;I+;X;;C;C;=T&;;B;&;I]K;;HF;C;I L;;BX;;B;KX;;C;;:;;;wL;;B;I&;;"&;];9WX;;;; :;;?;L;X;;9W;;L;;B;IC;9N;9+;;W;; ;4X;;C;;<&;CB;iB;d;a;;&;K;;H&;@ ;;+;;;<@B;D;IB;;:;;?;L;L;I/&;]p;$;;HK;d;a;;&;K;;HF;?;4;@;B;;HK;&;;;<;FX; ;;<+;&;];@;H
;<:;);L;@;H ;;;<;&;M;;;X;;V;];C;&;]KW;@K;C;&;I;;;B;
#_;@ ;:;I;<@&;];
;;;<);X;;
;;I);; :;+X;I;<$;]F;;H:;+X;I ;C;B;;L;;
/&;];<:;);L;@;H
$;;&;];@ ;;;<;:;;L;&;&;9););;C;;K;;I@;H:;@;<$;]F;L; X;;9L;;X;;B;;HK;/&;]d;a;;&;K;;H;<:;1;K;;HFX;;L;IBX;;W;;:;;L;&;&;9););;C;;B;@C;;FX;;WX;;);;HB;;I ;;<+;&;];;<+;&;]$;;AX;&;D;@&;]@;HB;D;IB;;X;=@;I;<$;X;L;; ;;Co6I;"N;;Ho;X;K;@
F;IF;;Hd;I],;@ ;;;<;/;<:;K;E@';;":;B;C;IW;:;;?;L;C;;u;H:;D_&;$;J;:;;; d;I]5/?;L; X;;9L;;HC;9$;;;;<&;C;;AX;;);B;&;];B;;HK; ;4X;;C;;WX;; :;D_&;;WX;; d;&;];);L;;B;
:;;?;L;W;; #_;@ ;:;I;<@&;]L; :;J1;/ ;;@@5;<&;`K;$;]N;Y;0L;X;;9WX;;d;4;;&;;:;=1I
X;;I?;E;L;&;]B;;;<&;;<&;+;C;:;;F;;9WX;;
:;='X;B;#_;@:;+X; ;:;I;<@&;I]B;;HK;;<&;;<&;+;>K;IL;"9;<5X;L;C;:;;F;;WX;;#E;CX;;&;`C;
W;IX;IL;;H
;@;$;;D;I
C;;:;;; ;C;I ;C;K;IB;@;H "B;@ L;;B;IC;9N;9+;;9W;I d;&;];@ DI E=K;;<;B; &;I]K;I F;;B; L;;D;H
F;C;I &;];H ;L;I&;] #_;@ ;:;I;<@&;]L;:;J1; :;;?;L;W;I+X;IX;:D;F;IL;;B;IC;9N;9+;;B;;HK;d;;;K;;.:;+;;HK;C;9N;9+;);;I+;;I ;;;<;:;L;=sX;;L;IwN;N;@$;;;WX;;X;=?;;:;+;JL;:;;;C;;L;Id;?;B;;H&;]);;H&;I]K;;HX;;B;;HK;w$;=@;I?;;:;;HN;EK;x ;L&;I;<;B;&;]@;I:;;?;L; X;;o>>X;;&;@
:;;?;L;L;IBX;;9WX;;d;;W;;HL;C;:;;F;;B;;HK;C$;j;H&;]@;;B:;&;]@W;L;;B;X;;@&;]@;;X;;#BV;];9B;;HX;;IF;L;IW;;HU$;@I;;C;;9;;B;K;;HL;ADB;;HBX;;/I&;F;;H
:;;?;L;L;IL;;B;K;?;$;hB;;H&;]5I ;);;$;hB;;HL;IN;;<%;B;K;I&;];HF;;JBX;;4;;;; ;;DIB; ;;;<;B;=K;L;;B:;&;]$;hB;;H&;@BX;;W;I;<&;)K;I;;&;I]K;I:;J@
; F;;I C;9@W;&;;E;H &;];X;&;;E;);;HC;9N;9;<+;B; ;C;JL;
BX;;L;IC;;9C&;i];
Page 62
DIC;:;F;JL;%;IX;;W;;d;X;BL;&;I]K;;F;@;HBX;;L;I ;9E:;;L;N;IoI ;;;<; ;;Co6I; B;@;HD;H @5;<&;`K;$;]N;Y;0L;K;; /&;]; C;9C&;i]B;;H&;@;HK;C;';;IK; ;I;<;X;&;];X;;&;@ ;;+;;;<@B;C;;9C&;i]; ;<&;l;&;];I); ; @5;<&;`K;$;]N;Y;#L;WX;; ;&;];:;;W;I &;;L;
L;;B;IC;9N;9+;
4;;;;
d;(;;
AX;&;C;;X; ;;;<;F;:;;HL;
K;-;;&;]L;:;=L;I ;;;<;;<&;l;;<&;;;L;X;;&;@:;;Iuq;;d;:;;;;B;:;;;:;I(;5"L;C;;I);K;/9(;Y;I$;;IK;;F;;H
;;;<; ;;; B;I E@:X;;L;
&;];<@/@; ;;;<; ;LX; $;;<[;:;I&;]5;HQ ;;Co6I;B;I&D;BX;;9WX;;;<&;c;;(X;;SL;;H @5;G&;`Q$;]N;Y;#L; X;;9L;; C;;IZ;Q ;:;I;<@&;]L; /L;(;Y;I$;;IQ;F;;H ;;$;] L;;(; ;:;I;<@&;]L;o6;"NC;/??;L; L;;&;;W;I';95C;;E@&;I]QIBX;;B;?;o;B;d;I]5/??;L;
:;;;<@C; ;;$;Q@ ;;;<; C;;IQ o&;`C;C;D C;:;;&;IZ;D;IB;;I
F;I $;=OI F;;0L; ;:;I;<@&;]L; :;;L;&;&;9Z;Z;;C;;B;:;;II L;;&;&;]:;;&;QI:;J@
@5;G&;`Q$;]N;Y;#L; WX;;:;B;I
FX;;L;;BX;;B;JL;L;;B;IC;9N;9+;F;;I5QIF;;B;;B;BX;;C;9@W;L;IW;;/&;]/&;]&;]:D;F;I/&;]xd;;(;;<:;&;]&;=]o=9N;x:D;JL; ;;I1';QIF;;&;IFX;;:;+X;I/&;]$;B;;H ;;;<;BX;;W;;H$;BL;;H ;;;<;BX;;9W;I:;JQ
:;=QIX;;9W;;C;:;;&;IZ; ;C;Q;$;;;F;@;HB;I/&;];@;DB; ;C;;IB;&;L;C;;IB;E_;&;]%;I0L;;!&;]&;;F;L:;;f;@I:;=Q;9L;;d;;(;;<:;&;]&;=]o=9N;;B;;HQC;ECX;N;L;&;QIF;;0Z;&;]B;I$;=OI
N;D=$;BL;;HX; ;;;<;/&;]$;;;;HC;;@'X;;;<:;;C;:;;L;$;;Q&;];9WX;;:;=Q;9:;+X;I ;;;<;$;B;;H$;BL;;H:;+;;HQC;:;;L;:;=Q;W;I
:;=Q;9W;I$;;Q&;]:D;JL;d;;(;;<:;&;]&;=]o=9N;;B; ;;GCB;_&;;B; ;C;QIQ;HD;HB;;HL;L;;B;;Hd;(;:; ;L;=V;]:;IU$;;B; ;;GCB;_&;;B; ;C;B;;B;
B;@E=C;*X;;V;]:;;B;;HQL;;B;IC;9N;9+;E;IL;&;5;HQ&;=]o=9N;;9WX;;C;;:;;LX;C;9N;9+;;&;@F;C;I &;];H &;;<5Q;9W;I &;5;HQ
;;"W;; 4;;0 ;!&;]&;; $;BL;;HW;;H N;D;H; "BX;;E;.f;@I ;&;Q9N;JL; ;C;B;;B;;L;;B;9DI&;;<5Q;9WX;;4;;&;;WX;;:;=Q;W;; ;;;<; ;;"WX;;4;;&;;WX;;$;BL;;HC;;@'X;; ;C;B;;B; ;Z;;W; d;&;];@I
&;9Z;;&;1;HWX;; :;;; W;;M(X;;
$;;W;&X;; ;!&;]&;; ;C;9'X;V;]:;;B;;HQC;9N;9+;Z;;I+;B;;X;IB;;B;@5;G&;`Q$;]N;Y;0L;
L;;BX;;B;;HQ C;;; DI /&;] d;3]W;:;;L;&;&;9Z;Z;;C;;
FX;;9W;ICo6&;`W;@;L;;B;I&;;"&;];9WX;; B;;HL;munotes.in
Page 63
d;;(;;<:;&;]:;JQ4;JB;C;9@W;L;;:D;JL;C&;;H&;];@B;;B; ;;;<;E/; B;@ QI&;;HCo6;C; L;;BX;;B;Q; &;M;X;;B; BX;;L;I Q;I&;];9L;;w&;;<5Q;9W;I &;5;HQx ;;;<;w ;;"W;I&;5;HQx ;Z;;;<&;@;I+;;HC;9N;9+;d;&;?;;B;I&;QIN;;L;;5 ;;;<;C$;3C;@
QI&;;HCo6;C; ;C;;X;=;G&;`B;&;;E&;]@B;;B;&;];HwC;;:;;;4;;&;L;;
; :;JKX;I
R;L;;B;IC;9N;9+;; QI&D;HCo6;C;X;;9L;;HL;;B;IC;9N;9+;;W;I;<&;ZQI;;&;]@X;;C;;;H:;;L;&;;H;<&;W;;@;9WX;;;FX;;L;IE;;$;`o:;+X;IDIE;';&;JL;EIX;;W;;d;X;BL; &;I]Q; &;];H ;;; &;];H X;; C;:;;F;;B;;FX;;:;=1I/';;c;;C;C&;B;nWX;;&;=]oJ9N;;N;;DI@$;B;;H
$;BL;;H; '%1!%!"
K;="C;DIL;@;H:;;?;L;X;;9W;IX;;I?;E;L;&;];X; ;;DI"3/,'",(#$;Io;Ho WX;;:;B;I
7Co6&;`W;@; ;(;;WX;;;
Page 64
;;;<; ;<&;f;L;;9f;@I ;<&;&;]; BX;;B;;HK;;<&;;<&;+;B;;C;:;;F;);;C;;HX; ;;;<;:;;L;&;&;9););;C;;<&;;X;&;]d;&;W;L;;9:;+X;I#$;K;N+; ;;DIDIC;:;F;;I:;DB&;;W;I ;;DI&;];HDIC;=N;&;]C;;H:;;9C;DL;;D;HB; ;;;<;:D;JL;W;B;I ;;Wp;;:D;JL;W;d;%;oL;&;;E
F;IW;IB;L;F;?;;WX;; ;;GCB;B&;;WX;;:;;?;;W;; ;4X;;C;&;]@B;ICok@;&;]
C;9@W;L;;B:;&;]&;];X;&;;E ;;;<;C;9@W;L;;&;;E;WX;;d;4;;&;;';;K;;H
4;;M; K;I&;`oI L;Iu1&;]&;I]KX;;L;=C;;@
@W;L;;B:;&;]W;1&;1:;;C;IK;:;;C;;!&;]&;;F;;F;IC;&;]9?;="KDI:;X;;9WX;; &;];:;;9f;@I %;5&;JL; ;;;K;;H ?;IK;;H D;IB;;H FX;;X;;I?;I BX;;9L;;H d;%;;oL;&;;E ;;;<;C;&;];@;B:;&;]&;;E;WX;;#b;Hj;9L;; ;;GC(;@;H&;]@;&;]@X;;C;C;=T&;;B;&;I]K;;HD;IB;;HDIEI';;HK;L;:;JE&;I]K;I?;IK;I ;;DI&;];HCo6&;`W;@K;$;+EB;;HWX;;E;IL;N;;N;;HC;:;;I@ ;;KX;; ;;DIB;n C;9C&;i]B;;H ;;;<;C;:;;F;C;:;F;JL; %;IX;;C;;u;H ;<4;2; C;9N;9+; D;H :;D_&;;W;;H 4;J;<:;&;]; ;;DI ;;;<; $;;<@;;:;C&;U$;
X;;C;9N;9+;;9W;;H$;JB;B;;D;IX;; ;?;;IE@C;9@W;L;;L;C;B;I:;;L;&;;H;<&;W;;@;9WX;;F;;?;; C$;j$;;I$;;<@4;;;<;B;d;;It;;:;;!&;]&;;; ;K(X;J,;@
$;=]&;];I ;;;<;K;;&;]L; ;;;<;
N;D=+;;
N;;(;IC;
5I;<@5;
B;IK;&;`&;IK; BX;;;B; ;C;I ;;DI&;];HX;;;<&;W;;@&;9B;;9:;+X;IN;@IW;$;]@&;] ;;DIB; ;;;<;d;BX;I&;];L;IBX;;WX;;$;@C$;@:;;?;;L;IC;9@W;L;;&;;E;WX;;:;JK;4;JB;&;]K$;L;;;<&;&;]; K;I&;;HCo6;C;WX;;C;9@W;L;;&;;E;L;IX;=@;I;<$;X;L;&;9);;<&;;;L;;W;;HE;@I$;=LD;#%;5K;;HLX;JX;;&;]);D@;B;;HK;LX;JC&;J]K; ;;$;]C;;I);K;;<@C;W;:;+;JL;
;B;I(;I ;;;<;WX;;E);&;];WX;;C;=T&;;B;;HWX;;&;];1;B;C;9@W;L;;&;;E;HW;1&;1C;=U&;I]K;;HN;L;;5C$;3C;@
C;9@W;L;;&;;E;C;;u;H :;;L;&;;H F;?;;K;; C;:;F;JL; %;IX;;W;; &;];I;B;;D;H d;X;BL;wC;&;];@;B:;&;]B;;&;;Ew;F;I:;;L;&;;H4;;HB;;H$;;C;JL;:;=&;`B;&;;CB;&;;WX;; ;;GCB;B&;;&;@;!&;]&;;C&;B;nW;IF;?;; &;`K;;5K;IAD;HCo6;C; F;&;1F;&;1/&;]oq;;L;IC;9@W;L;;B:;&;]B;IWX;;;I;;W;;HC(;;$;L;;&;I]K;;HC;9C&;i]B;;HD;H$;; ;C;;;<&;W;;@&;I]K;;&;];H
munotes.in
Page 65
C;9C&;i]B;;.:;+X;I';;IK;&;@N;C;K;IK;;HC;:;;L;B;; ;C;;I ;;&;)X;&;] ;;DI:;;L;&;&;9););;C;;B;BX;;L;I;:;;L;&;;H;<&;W;;@;9W;;H:;JK;4;JB;@W;L;;F;I&;B;:;;L; ;;;<; /I; BX;;L;I ;;$;KX;; &;];@&;];HE L;;B;IC;9N;9+;
;<:;(;&;] ;;;<; +;:; X;;9W;IC;;9C&;i]; ;;;<; WX;;E);&;];B; C;9@W;L;;&;;E;WX;; B;;HV; K;;I&;];E;HC;IADF;:;;"95K;I&;;HCo6;C; WX;;);I&;oWX;; ;+X;;X;;B;C;=U,;;K;IKX;;&;;E;<&;&;;E;L;I
$;@9B;=N;;M;Gh&;]; ;K(X;J,;@
K;&;]L; ;;;<;$;=]&;]KoX;;9W;I&;];X;N;X;;W;E; ;BX;9B; ;C$;j ;;DI ;;;<;BX;;9WX;;E;AX;;9W;I;K;I&;;HCo6;C;X;;9L;;H;<&;;<);jL;;B;IC;9N;9+; ;;;<;$;=@;;&;](;;9$;I;;;<&;;<);jd;;FX;;:;=1IBX;;W;IE;&;Iu;IC; ;;;<;;<&;;<);jN;L;K;I ;;;<;B;&;]);=h:;JKX;;9&;]L;;C;C;=K;4;D;IB;I&;`K;;&;]
:;J@ ;C;I L;:;JE &;]@B;;I ;<&;] C;=@&;;B;;HC; ;4X;;C;KX;;d;:;;;I
BX;;WX;; L;;B;IC;9N;9+;;9;<&;;X;;HWX;;C;9@W;L;;&;;E;HEi;K;IAD;HCo6;C;X;;9L;;H&;];GK$;B; ;4X;;C;;&;]5I&;1JL;
C;9@W;L;IW;;);;I+;&;;O;<&;K;;&;];@;w$;;M@;;<;&;];<&;W;;@;9W;I%;o&;]DI ;;;; ;;;<;C;9&;]K$;L;;X;;9WX;;:;+X;;B; ;;DIw
E;ILD;Hu;IC;$;;<@;GC(;B;;H ;;;<;;<&;W;;@FX;;C;9E4;EIB;;B;BX;;&;@ ;&;K;9N;JL; ;;DIB;$;;M@;;<;&;];<&;W;;@wC;9@;(;Io"B;@C;9@W;L;IB;C;9W;L;C;B;;B;
x$;@9B;= ;L;=4;&;;W;;H);&;`X;B;; ;;;<;o;I&;];9W;;#$;X;;I?;&;]UL;w/&;I]&;];1;HC;;:;;;
Page 66
" ;;+;=;:;;?;L;L;I"@;I&;`&;;"C; ;;;<;:;J1 ;:;I;<@&;]L;K;;I&;];9:;+X;I&;];X;&;I]K;I:;;?;L;WX;;; /??;L; ;;;<; "B;@;9WX;; d;I@;IL;I #_;@ ;:;I;<@&;]L; ;;; :;o;<@; C;9'X;;);;C;;HX;L;C;K;IKX;;B;@;HC;=h;
BX;;9W;IK;;&;I+;K;I?;IK;I ;;DI"@;I&;`&;;"C;X;;d;:;;;I
;!o?;;Ho ;;;<;DM5;
;<);&;];@;H ;;;<; ;<&;]L;;@$;^;H &; N;Io E;;<;$;J&; ;K;;C&;]; X;I(;;HK; :;Wp;H:;;@$;;C;JL;D;I;<@$;X;SB;
;;<@,;;IL;;:;+;;HK;$;=/NK;;I@;FX;;9L;;H;<);&;];@ ;;;<;);IB;;HWX;;$;);=$;;K;L;&;I]K;IN;;L;;5 ;;;<;C$;3C;@
;<&;l;&;];I);;B;(;;&;];<(;B;$;;@9$;;;<@&;] ;;;<; ;;Mc;;I;;&;]C;9C(;;4;;M;x w%;@?;=B;;Hx 5;I:;IL;W;I @;F;&;];HX; ;;;<; ;;;P(;&;] ;;%;;B; ;Co6;C;X;;9WX;;&;];X;;B;B;;I ;L;LX;C;;+;;@;$;;I#EX;;C; ;;K;;/;X;;BX;;9WX;;t;9(;;B;B;IL;;B;IC;9N;9+;d;;;KX;;9W;;;;L;&;];I);C;;@;9);d;E;L;&;]@B;;B;$;@9B;=/&;];&;3]m;HX;;<&;;X;;&;@K;;&;3];C;94;;AX;F;;I5;HE;@ ;;;<;; ;;$;KX;;B; ;;;<;F;?;;WX;;E@:X;;L;:;+X;C(;;H&;]@;;@;H&;;CB;&;;W;;H ;;;<;AX;;<&;`B;;FX;;:;=1I;
Page 67
F;;H;<&;]:;;L;C;9@W;L;;&;;E;HC&;U$;;B;
K;I&;;HCo6;C;WX;;&;];X;;B;C;;E@&;I]K;;H?;IK;;H&;`K;;&;]
&;&;]
1(L;;B;IC;9N;9+;;B;;HK;;<&;;<&;+;);;C;;HX; ;4X;;C;;&;@/&;]C;9;<;>B;L;;Io;
Page 68
•Wiseman, B. (2009). The Cambridge Companion to Lévi-Strauss:Cambridge University Press.munotes.in
Page 69
&# "%# + '% #
78ZbD 778;Q7R7/77;=77CR7577G7"7"74%7%77>77=77CF7>74;Q7G77"77@>77;74%7\7%G7>74@/777787 79K7CF7"77Q7G7 (*!/77;=77=77CF7577G7"7"74%778"77R7<7W7/R77>7757'77CF7>74;Q7G77"77@7CLb7C<7W7DG7>757A77D % &78"7Q77;74Q77C*<7W%77,75?7EG7 >74;Q7G77"77@ ?D78"778"7'778"7`7G774QR7778"778"7'7577G7"7"74%77CR7R77D:7@7G7757'R7D\7/77"77C ;778?F7D 77?D =7$7778 7 \7=R7D<7W78"7[77"77G77G7D =R77Q77 7R77D:7 77787 "R77#R77 78/7-7=7DG7D <7DWF7D77?D/77;=77CR7>7577A77=7 577G7"7"74%7%77>77CR77/R77>77Q7D>"77=74R7 7E"7=7>7DQ7>"77=74R77D=7;<7W7,7=7?7C*<7W\7J7, 77787 78"7%7D7 7>7D >$77G7 77?D 2>74;Q7G77"77@?7 *<7W d:7 5?7EG7 579#R7="7D ^7.WQ7577G7"7"74%7%77>77 F79 0f79577DQR77 <7W7R77>7 77787 R77D:7@7G77>7 >77577"7EG7 !7D=77D =R774Q77 22?7D577D?7R7;7;<7W7C<7W>7?7\778>7_h7$7R77Q7DX757@7?;777?D0f79577DQR77 R77D:7@7G77G7D /77;=77CR7577G7"7"74%7%77>77"7; <7W7R757Q77 i>77 57d"7F77 77?D J7A7;G7D
5?dFR77\75777D 0f79577DQ77 7@7G79P7W57 78>7_74=7 77787 /77;=77CR7 >7577A77J7ZF7QR77 =R774QR7778"7Q77;>7;77CG7D
QR77@%7<7W7=7577Dif77\757777=7577G7"7"74%7%77>77CR7Q7Q7IF77"77"778@F77 7W<7Y=70f79577DQR77 '770>77C R797B<7Y=7"77@7"7;Q7 Q7Q77 (77F77C G77?7C =7; =R774QR77 78>7_74=77=77CF7 7G7D <7W57<79W"7=7579ZR774G77CG7"77CG7>7H_7478=7<7W78"7<7W7>77Q77 77R77!77=7F770f79577DQR77<7W7R77Q77C>7=7=7>74:7=7=77@%778"777;7<7DW"7, ?7D577D ?7R7;7;78<7W<7W>7Q77Q7 G7"?D =7; /77;=77QR77 577G7"7"74%7%77>7 7F77C<7W0D @D#77CF7 =R77QR7757EFR778>7_74=77%77C>74J7478'7=7\7<7W7%7G774Q77>7=7=7\7"77?77?D AR77Q7D7G7D<7WG7"77CG7"77478%7<7W>74@/77%77C>74"77@ >77'7R77=7 77F7D 77?D >79;"77=77C 77>7EG7Q7 577G7"7"74%7%77>77G7D =R77QR77 F7R7 77787"7H78%7b6R77457'R7D /7"R7 78"778"7'7=77 7778?F77C R77 78"778"7'77C<7W;7757'R7D >74;Q7G77"77@ =P7W7478=7"77@ G7"7
munotes.in
Page 70
78"7<7W7>7"77@ ?57IGR7E78d<7Y>7G7"7577<7Y>7"77@ >77C"77@77787=7;7G7D<7W:77Db7CAR77>7?7G7D<7WG7"77CG7e7Dd7C"7H78%7bR7DA77:778=7<7W>=7;7"7;R7D=777?D=7R774Q77>7577"7D%777?D577G7"7"74%7%77>77%77\7<7W7;D577G7"7A77=77CQ7D57?X"7 7E7%77>777?D & # " % # 57'R7D>"77=74R77857,7FR77 77>7EG7\778%7787=7577G7"7"74%7%77>7774G77C/77;=77QR77<7W7G77<7W7D 7&R77=7577G7"7"74%77>778"77R7<7W>74%77D'7G7<7DWF7D77?D =7;7C?7C577G7"7"74%7%77>77G7D>7"77>7577G7\757777=7F7778"7=778;=7 <7DWF7DF7D G77?7C J7A7;
/77;=77=7 "77478%7<7W "7 577G7"7"74%7%77>77CR7 >74%77D'7G7 <7W;7C=77>7=77G77 78"7`7G774G77C <7W7?7C >77577GR7 Lb7C<7W7DG77=7EG7 7R77D:7 <7DWF77 =R77"7D,D>7 0Dd7Q7D 78"7%F7D77777877$7F77"77D ?DR77L78b<7W7DG77"7;A77>=77"7F74J7EG7?7D=7DAR77F77 227G79>7E78Q7=7 A7577=77C 227778@"77>77C 7778@"77>77C 22*DG77C7857>d>7 78<7W4"77 22577:77>778?4@E7>7D5?dF7DA77=7D=R77Q777/R77>7<7W;R7778%7"77R7577G7"7"74%77>7774G77C>"77=74R77 7E"773/77;=77CR7>7577A77"7; 7W7;>7DF7778@F7DG77?7C #7;4=7;
QR77@%7<7W7 7R7M=7R77%77#7DG7D/77;=77>77;#R7722>7/R7=77QR777/R77>77%77C77 7F7D7D77CR778<74W"7778 7WF0=7477778778>7_74=7R774G77A79,"7EG7!7D=7F7DG7"?=7D <7YF77<7W 0D<7Y>7D>7
>7H_7478=7<7W L78b<7W7DG7 5?7EG7 >74;Q7G77"77@7>7 /77;=77CR7>7757778A7<7W>74;Q7G7777787>74><7W=77C>757A7R77>77i7C77R77=7777877G79<7EW78F7=7<7DWF77:7DF77/77;=77CR7 >7577A77=7 >74;Q7G77"77@7C Lb7C<7W7DG7 777R77QR77 \7:7F/7 R77D:7@7G77Q7D a7DR7 ^7DW4Q7577G7"7"74%7%77>777787\77QQR778"7[77<7W;F79V79577DR77G77@D=77R7DF7=7D>"7=7577>7IF7577>7Q7D78"7[77$77C?7D=7D 0f79577D"7; F7D"77C>d17>7QR77 >74;Q7G77"77@7Q77 A77D;@7; 778;7757 (77F77 0f79577DQR77577G7"7"74%7%77>77CR7>74%77D'7G77=77CF7\7"7D%77G7D>74 7E7/77;=77CR7>7757778A7<7W;Q7G7D"7; 79G?7<7W757<7W;R77=777F7D 77<7W73G7
QR7757=7D0f79577DQR77G77=7D>74J74'777787/77;=7@7DG?7C"7;7CF7<7W7577"7;F7D"77C>d17>7Q77\77;478/7<7W \7/77"7 ?7D=77 7;4=79 ;Q7G77%77>7 77787 78"7Q77"74=77Q7D =R774Q7D 577G7"7"74%7%77>7 <7.W78c=7 <7DWF7D7>7F7D=7;7C?7C 0f79577DR774G77C7G79/7"77=57<7W=7>7DQ7"7HQ7778;<7W78"7Q77;7Q7D>$77G7<7W7R757iD"7F7D#7;Q7=R774Q7D 7@7G79P7W57 78"7;7D'77=77CF7 5770G7 ?D @7D!774QR77 >74J7478'7=7 <7W;R77Q7D *<7W >77'7G7 5?7EG7 7778?F7DA77+ %7<7W=7D 0f79577DQR77 <7W=79="77Q77 57?X"7 7E7 /77:7 5?7A7D 7G79/7"774G77 "7:7,R77*D"7A77C >7577"7D%7<7WOG7 >74;Q7G77"77@ 78d<7W"7EG7 iD"77D 77787 78"7<7W78>7=7 <7W;7D ?7DR7 A7D F7D"77C
>d17>7 J7?9=7D<7W@7> 7b 77D<7W;=77=7?7D577D?7R7;7;<7W7C<7W>7 ?D=R774Q7D>7"77=757?X"7 7E6778F7#777?7D=7D77787=R774G77C=R7744QR77>74%77D'7G77=757?X"7 7E7 J7@F7!70"7EG7 777F7D =R77>77i7C0f79577D
QR77@%7<7W7QR7757'R77 77>7EG7 /77;=77CR7>7577A77\7=77C77 7FR77L78b<7W7DG77Q77CO 7;D77=7R77;<7W;=7?7D=7DA7;7C0f79577DQ7D 79>=7<7W78"7%F7D7<7W 78"7"7D<7W 7E7 >7H_7478=7<7W 77787 <7W'77C<7W'77C 7Q778"7R77>7 7"7!70 7>7F7D =7;7C =R77G7D
77787
QR77 h77577C7 7/R77>77QR77 7>7=74Q7 %77;D 78@F7D J7A7;
QR77@%7<7W7 77>7EG7577G7"7"74%7%77>77=77CR7!707577D07CG77G7"77CG7"7,7F77:7F7D=77D 7R7M=7=7D757D78;<7WG777787munotes.in
Page 71
78J7Sd7C%7 577G7"7"74%7%77>77 \7/77"7>77F77C ?7DD=7D 7;4=79
QR77 @%7<7W7G74=7; ^7.WQ7 >74;Q7G77"77@78"7%7D7=7F7D"?7C<7Yd17>7R774QR77<7W7R77=7EG7 7=R74=7\7/77"77C77?D0f79577D>77i7C :77"7G7"?D=7;A77=77C/77;=77CR7577G7"7"74%7%77>77Q7DF77?7D=7DQR77>79N"77=77CQR77<7W7,7=7 =7D 77787 /77;=77CR7 577G7"7"74%7%77>77 07C* 7W 77D<7W7D<7W R774QR77G79>77; *#77@7 5777EG7>"7=7QR77:77"77>74@/77=778<7W4"77@9>7&R77QR77:77"77>74@/77=7J77DF7=77>7DF7 A77D 7R7M=7=77DG77"77G7D@9>7&R77*#77[77 A77=77CQ77 >7<7W7;7=57<7W FF7D#7 <7W;=7 G77?7C =77D 7R7M=7 =77D 77 7FR77 =77C=77CF7 >77$77C@7;74Q77>74@/7 !7DQ7 77?D R77 @7D!774G79>77; /77;=77CR7 #7D0f77G77 >7757A7%77>77CR7 "77>=7"7@D#77CF7 G7"?=7 "7H78"7'R7 7E7 77787 78/7-7 A77=77CQ7D 78G7"77>7>$77G7 ?D <7W7dD<7W7D; 77>7757778A7<7W=7$$R77 7D7722778<7WdD<7YQ7;F7777870D577Dh7778 7W<7W=7$R700?7D=7D:77"7577G7"7"74%7%77>77=7EG7 <7W7KEG7 d7<7WFR77G74=7; 0f79577D
R774G77C A77=77C 77787 /77;=77CR7>7/R7=7DJ7ZF7QR77Q7Q7IF77 7E7 77DG7"77CG7>=7;7"7;G7DF7D<7YF77<7W0D<7Y>7D>7
R77F7d 0f79577D>77i7C A77=778?\7$757=778G7;7C777=57<7W"77>=7"7G77?7C=7;2257G77Q77C78>$7=77C77?D0f79577D
579,/7;R77Q777$77>7777?D<7W7CA77=77CQ7D"77G7<7DW"7,78"778%7b>7757778A7<7W>74;Q7G7778<74W"7778"778%7b\7<7W7;Q7D>7757778A7<7W"7=7G75?7EG7<7DWF7DA77+%7<7W=7G77?7C=7;\77579#R77G7D<7WF 7G77 77787 57EFR774QR77 J77J7=77C=7 "77G7 <7DWF7D A77+ %7<7W=7D 0;#7757QR77 22>7757E78?<7W\778=778G778'7="77 \75777D 7%77 <7WF 7G77 77787 57EFR7D ?7C78"7Q77;74QR77 57EF7/7E=7 a7D77C 77?D=7 AR7778G7>7:7=7 >7757778A7<7W 77?D=7 78%7"77R7 F7D"77C
>d17>7 R774QR77 >74;Q7G77"77@7Q77 7"7F74J7 <7WOG7 0f79577D7%77 78"7Q77; 77787 57EFR774QR77 >77 7D7 :797'7577"7; A77D; @D=77=7 AR77>7 >77577GR7A77G77=57<7W\777F77)57'R7D>7577<7W78F7=7<7DWF7DA77=7DAR77F77=7D78"7Q77;'77;75?7=77=75?7EG7Q7=7D;Q7G77=57<7W=7X"75?7EG7 22 7@7G79P7W57J7ZF7 J77DF7=77=7 A77D "77 "R7"7>$7D=77CF7 Q77H 7@;7C >7757778A7<7W G7579GR77 >74J7478'7=7%77>77CR7"7H78@<7Wh74$77=7>77 70F777>7FR77Q77=7D@7"77<7W;=77=7J7A7;
0f7957DG79>77;%79_ 7 778"77=7DQR77 78"7;7D'7757'R7D "R7<7Y=7 <7DWF7DF77 '77857<7W @A77 /77;=77CR7 >7577A77=77CF7 57?X"7 7E7 57EFR777?D77787=R77Q7D"77G7"775770DF757'R7DJ7S7g77 79;7D78?=7<7W;=77=778"7Q77;'77;D=7 ?D57EFR77787R7"7778<74W"77 ;7A77G7D \778=778G778'7="7 <7DWF7DFR7778"7;7D'77C \778=7O 77QR77 %7<7Y=77CQR7778"7;7D'77=7 /7D ;778?F7DF7DG77?7C =7; =R77>7 >"7=7=7 >77577"7EG7 !7D=7D'757 778"77 F77D<7W 77787 J7S7g77 7%77 \7<7W7;D >74 7E7>7577A77Q7D \778=778G778'7="7 <7W;=77=7 0f79577DQR77 57=7D 78"7Q77;'77;DQR77 77=7,7C"7; '757 ?7 >7X7D 7D77G7D?577CQ7 a7Dj 7>7=77D 7;4=79 7G79/7"7A7GR7 77=7,7C"7; F7d 778;78>$7=77C 7>7E %7<7W=7D ;7A77 ?7>7757$R77QR77 Lb7CG7D =R77QR77"7; /77H78=7<7W Lb7CG7D 7"7F74J7EG7 7>7F7DFR77 J7S7g77 79;7D78?=77 7D77 a7Dj77?D0f79577Gd
@7 778;Q7R7 777870f79577DQ77 /77;=77CR7 >7/R7=7DJ7ZF7 577G7"7"74%7%77>7778"77R7<7W >757A7 577G7"7"74%7%77>7 77787 %77>77CR7\77QR778"7[7DQR77 >74:7577"7; <7.W78c=7 77?D 579#R7 >74><7W=7 h74$774G77C J7S7g77 79;7D78?=77F77 >7757778A7<7W"R7"7>$7DQ7D<7.Wc5?7EG7J7K=77C78@F77C5?7EG70f7E577DG7D 778"77=7D>7A77=77CR7"R7"7>$7DQ7D2257EFR75?7EG7 778?F7D A7D J7S7g7774G77C57E=7 >"7O 77Q7D <7DWF7D 77787 77,F7D=R774G77C 7>7D >79Q7"7F7D <7W7C %79_=7DQ7D >7"7/77;=77CR7>7577A77G7D>778P7WR7 77D>757$7G7<7DWF7D77787=R77>7%7;7:7DF7D =7>7DQ7\77Q77CG77787R774\75777D'75778G7; 7D7%7<7Y=77C7>7F7DFR774G77CA77=77)G77C>"7DQeDG7DJ7S7g7774Q7D"7Q7>"7>"77C<7W=7<7DWF7D57:70f79577D>77i7C/77;=77CR7 >74><7W=77CQ77C 78G7;4=7;=77 78"778"7'7 778;>7; 77787 @E;@E;QR77 22>74><7W=77C 7D7 R774QR77=77CF7/77H:77D78F7<7WG7Dd"7<7WQ7D<7W7R7G7"?=7D =7;>77=7=R7/77;=77CR7F77D<7W74QR7707D<7YR77=7?7D=7D =R77Q7"7HQ7778;<7Wmunotes.in
Page 72
;Q7G77=57<7W 77787 7$77=7Q7 74=7:7=7 J7G7F7DFR77 7%77 a7D77)Q77 >7577"7D%7 ?7D=77 <7YF77<7W 0D<7Y>7D>7
0f7E577DG7D "77 5770DF7QR77 78"7%F7D777"7OG7 <7W7KF7DF7D 579#R7 78G7<7W7 5?7A7D %79_=7DQ7D =<7Wb 57EFR777787'77857<7W78>$7=77CJ7S7g7777787>7757$R7;7A77R774QR77=77CF7> 7b 7W;<7W?7DR7A7778=7"R7"7>$77>757A7EG7 !7DR77>77i7C R77 "7HQ7778;<7W ;Q7G7DF77 57EF7/79=7 577G7EG7 =R774G77C 77 7FR77 78>7_74=77Q77 >7757G7778"7"77? 77G79"7478%7<7W=7777787>$7778G7<7W778'7<7W7;7>74J7478'7=7"77478%7<7W7/R77>77QR77%77D'774`7;D<7DWF7778?>7"7>7757778A7<7W7D777787G77=7D>7J74'7"7HQ7778;<7W;Q7G7DQ7D\7<7Wd7C<7W;75?7EG7>757A77"7EG7>77478:7=7F7DA77+ %7<7W=77=7 7>77 <7DW"7, 0f7577DQ77 R797B<7Y=7"77@ G77?7C =7; =7D7>77 @7"77 @D#77CF7 <7W;=77=7 <7W7C=R77QR77`7;D 778;/77787=7<7DWFR77G79>77; 7@7G79P7W57?D<7WF 7G774QR77"R7"7>$7DQ7D>77577GR7"7H78%7b6R777?D=7>7DQ7 =7D 7>77 @7"77 <7W;=77=7 78<7W =R77G77C F7D"77C >d17>7QR77 J77G7D;7CQR77 78"7;7D'77QR77 25770F757'R7D777#77C*<7W77R7757A77D0F7777?DJ7A7;
<7YF77<7W0D<7Y>7>7
79KDG7579@<7W;=77=7<7W7C0f79577DQ7D577G7"7"74%7%77>7
?D@D78#7F778/7-7=7DQR77<7WF 7G7D/77D"7=77C;Q7F7D?7D=7D=7D'757>"7=7G77=7D ;7A7<7W7CR7778'7<7W7; G7H78=7<7W=7777787 7E"7I=77CF7L78b<7W7DG778"7N_ 778U757D=77CF7L78b<7W7DG7R7778/7-7>74<7WF 7G774'R7D"R7>=7?7D=7D22A77=777 777>7*<7W57EF7/7E=7>7757778A7<7W=7X"778%7<7W"7=7D =7D5?7A7Da7D77C;Q7G77R77Q77C=R77G7D 7_=7>77C;77787 7$7<7W 79G7;7"7X77C <7DWF77C
/77;=77CR7 >7757778A7<7W a7DR7777787 :7d *<7W57D<7W74G7722a7Dj="778<7W4"7778G7<7Wb=77R77=7X"77"7;=7R77;<7DWF7DA77=77=70f79577DR774G77C7>7777h7?'7;F77<7W7C?Da7D77CJ7_"7:773<7W;7?DP7W57 57?X"777787A7Di=R77G79>77;<7DWF7DA77=7D 7;4=79 77U77=R7>74;Q7G774QR77>=7;7G79>77; >=7;7G79>77; @A77 77787 F7778'7<7W7;7G79>77; <7DWF7D A77=7 G77?7C %79_ 77787 7 778"77F77D<7W74=77CF778"7;7D'7R77G7D/77;=77CR7>7757778A7<7W77787;7A7<7W7CR7A7:7"R77 7F7477?D R77579,DQ7/77;=77CR7 7;4 7;D=7;7A77F77<7W577C%79_J7S7g77778'7<7W%79_QR77#77F7Q7D>$77G7<7W77>7=7D> 7b?7D=7D 778<7WG7G7D
5?dFR77\75777D 0f79577D>77i7C 7@7G79P7W577%77\7<7W7;D>7577A77QR7778"7Q77;'77;DQR7757EF7/7E=757EFR774Q77>74@/7@D=7D577:77>7F7DFR77>7577A77=778"7Q77;>7;77C?7C"7>=7978>$7=77C7778757EFR77Q77C*<7W=77 7>7=7D 77'7978G7<7W 57G79R7 F7d 777C =R774G77 >7"7R77CG7D "7D:7,D <7W;=77D 0f79577Gd
77787 7%77 \7<7W7;D 78"7Q77;'77;7 77787 2#77Ddf77 Q7D=7G77R774G77*<7W>7577G7<7W;=77D7
?7D577D ?7R7;7;78<7W<7W>7Q77CF7;Q7G77 >7E78Q7=7 <7W;=7D <7W7C ?7 R797B<7Y=7"77@ 7G7957778G7<7W >"7O 77Q77 77?DR77579,D <7W@778Q7=7 78>7_74=7 \7$757 77787 *$7G77Dh77 7W7C @9>7;D 7>77 78"7Q77; @D#77CF7 ?7D+ %7<7W=77D0f79577DQR77 78F7#7777 7>7D J7;DQ7 <7W7?7C 77?D A7D 7%77 L%R77Q7D >757$7G7 <7W;=7D @7?;77$7 AR77\7<7W7;D=77D227"778%7b 77=7,7C"7;7G79/7"77=57<7W 7HF7E@D=7D=7$7778 7 ?7D577D?7R7;7;78<7W<7W>7?D@787777787 X7;/77;=77=77CF7 =77CG7 =7D Q77; "777QR77 "77478%7<7W >74%77D'7G77Q7D 7478=757 = 77@G7 ?7D=7D 77787=R774QR77<7W7,7=77CF7"77478%7<7W>7778?=R77>7?:7?G7:794=7"77E<7W7CQ77 778;7757?7D=77
QR77@%7<7W7QR77>79N"77=77CQR77 <7W7, 77<7Y>7 7W7D0 R7D$7D a77C78G7"77>7Q77 X7;778'7<7W7;7C 5?7EG7 0f7E577D "?7G>7
78\7Q7077787 0D7B"?0 77D<7W7<7W R774Q7D 78G7<7WdQ7D >7?<7W7;7C J7G7F7D 77787 =7D >7"7>77'77;7 77D577G7"7"74%7%77>77QR7778J7S78d%7>7757S7AR7 7;4 7;D%77CA7"7,EG7A79,F7DJ7A7;
munotes.in
Page 73
?D 5?77D R77D:R7 ?7DF7 <7W7C
QR77 @%7<7W7=7 77787 /77;=77=7 <7W757 <7W;77&R77 757D78;<7WG7577G7"7"74%7%77>7774G77C0f79577DQR7722?7D577D?7R7;7;78<7W<7W>7Q77C78G74@7<7W;R77QR77\7<7WF 77=7>"7=7F77(77D<7EWG7 78@F7D @7?;77$7 A7D;7F0 J7D;D57G7 R774G77C 77 7FR77 79G7;7"7F77D<7WG77=7 7>7D 78F778?F7D R77 79>=7<7W7=77CF7 A77=77CQ7D "7H78%7d6R7 /77;=77=77CF7 QQ7/7E F77D<7W74QR77 F7D#777)=7EG7 77787 =R774QR77>757<7W7F77CG7 \778=778G7'77)QR77 7?"77F77=7EG7 G77.@"7F7D 7>7F7D =7;7C =7D 78G75G7 A77=77C=77CF7 F77D<7W74QR777G79/7"774G79>77;77787>757A79=77CG79>77;G77?7CJ7=R774QR77Lb7CG7D577G7"7"74%7%77>7757<7W78<7W575778;R7d77787;7DG77F040DG7R74G77C7>77@7"77<7DWF77<7W7C0f79577DQ7D=79F7G77=<7W>7577A7%77>7 ?D >"7>757E?<7.Wc7C 77?D 77787 %79_=77 77787 \7@E77@A77 77787 %7<7Y=77C R77 @"7H=7"7H@7C78"7/77:774=77C@78777778%7R77=7\7Q778F7=77%77>7477G77=57<7W>757A774G77GR77R778@F77G77?7C5?7EG75777E>75?7A7D %7;7C; 77=577 57G7 A7777C"7 78"7Q77; 77787 <7W=77C R774Q77C *<7W=77 ?7DR7 ?7 AR7907D78T7U7G7>7577A7 AR77F770f79577D"R7<7Y=77C5?7EG757740=77D /77;=77=7F77:7E?7D=7G77?7C " ) ?7D577D?7R7;7;78<7W<7W>75?7A7D<7W7R7 0f79577DG7D57G77QR77 78>$7=77C"7; \7<7W7%7 d7<7WF77 A77D A77=77CQR77 78"778"7'7 778;78>$7=77C57'R7D ]"7FR77579,D"R7<7Y=7 ?7D=77D =7D A77=77C"R7"7>$7DF77 <7WF 7G77 77787 57EFR7D @D77;7C \777F77C 5?7EG7 >74J77D'7=77=7 A7D77H 7Q7778;<7W 77D>757A7R77R77D:R777787=7<7W>74:7=777?D=R774Q7D78"7%F7D77*<7W7Q7=7X"77"7;77'7778;=777?D %79_ 77787 7 778"77 R77Q77 78"7;7D'7 ?7 78"7;7D'7 ?7 7@7G79P7W57 7'77D;D78#7=7 <7W;=77D AR77G79>77;%79_7 5?7A7D a7Dj 77787 \7@E787=7 5?7A7D 78G7<7Wj ?D=7X"7 78"7/7<7Y=7=77 @D#77CF7 7'77D;D78#7=7 <7W;=7D5?7A7DQ7%79_777877 778"77R774G77"7D:7,DiD"7F7D 7778?A7D06R79577DQR7757=7DA77=7 7_=77CQ777/R77>7?7/77;=77>7>757A7R77>77e7C 7R79<7Y=777?D77787>77577GR7>7577A7%77>7 ?D *<7W57?X"77Q7D <7W7R7 77?D %77>77CR7 h74$77=7 \778=778J7478J7=7 <7DWFR77\75777D A77=77CQ77C78"7Q77;>7;77C >757A7EG7 !7DR77Q77C :7;A7 R77"7; =R774G77C /7; 78@F77 =R774G77C /77;=77=77CF7 A77=77C"R7"7>$7777787 h77577C7 >7757778A7<7W ;Q7G77 R774Q77 7/R77>7 <7W;R77>77i7C \77QR778"7[77 77787 >74;Q7G77"77@7Q77C 7_=77CQR77 "77 7;7Q77C J77A7E 57740F77C 0f79577D R774G77C =R77QR77 ?7D577D ?7R7;7;<7W7C<7W>7 57'R7D /77;=77CR7>74><7W=77CQ7D*<7W5770DF7=7R77;<7DWF7D77?DA7D\778=7> 7'773G7>7F7DFR77'777857<7W 7@7G79P7W5774"7;77'7778;=777?D ) # /77;=77=77CF7577G7"7"74%77=57<7WL78b<7W7DG75?7EG7>74;Q7G77"77@$77D0<7YR77=7> 7b<7W;7munotes.in
Page 74
/77;=77CR7>7757778A7<7W;Q7G7DQR777/R77>77=70f79577DQ7D<7W7R7R77D:7@7G777?D/77;=77=77CF7A77=77C"R7"7>$77>757A7EG7!7D=77G770f79577DQ77CJ77R7G7;7C> 7b<7W;7
$ " % # •Asad, T. (1973). Anthropology & the Colonial Encounter: IthacaPress.•Barnard, A., & Spencer, J. (2002). Encyclopedia of Social andCultural Anthropology:•Taylor & Francis.•Barth, F., Gingrich, A., Parkin, R., & Silverman, S. (2005). OneDiscipline, Four Ways: British, German, French, and AmericanAnthropology. United States of America: The University ofChicago Press.•Berger, P. (2012). Theory and ethnography in the modernanthropology of India.•HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 2(2), 325-357.•Clark-Decès, I. (Ed.). (2011). A Companion to the Anthropologyof India. USA:•Blackwell Publishing Ltd.•Dumont, L. (1969). Homohierarchicus. Social ScienceInformation, 8(2), 69-87.•Freeman, L. G. (2009). Anthropology without Informants (1977)Anthropology without Informants (pp. 5-18): University Press ofColorado.•Gupta, D. (1981). Caste, Infrastructure and Superstructure: ACritique. Economic and Political Weekly, 16(51), 2093-2104.•Harris, M. (1968). The Rise of Anthropological Theory. UnitedStates of America: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.•Kuper, A. (1983). Anthropology and Anthropologists: TheModern British School.•London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.•Moore, J. D. (2004). Visions of Culture: An Introduction toAnthropological Theories and Theorists: AltaMira Press.•Parkin, R. (2002). LOUIS DUMONT AND HIERARCHICALOPPOSITION. United States: Berghahn Books.•Ribeiro, G. L. (2014).World Anthropologies: AnthropologicalCosmopolitanisms and Cosmopolitics. Annual Review ofAnthropology, 43, 483-498.munotes.in